ObjectiveTo ascertain the geometry of the femur in the Brazilian population by means of a radiographic study and to correlate the values with regard to sex and right/left side.MethodsFive hundred anteroposterior radiographs of the pelvis of skeletally mature patients (250 of each sex) who did not present any osteoarthrosis, fractures or tumoral or infectious lesions were analyzed. The length and width of the femoral neck, length of the femoral axis, neck-shaft angle and femoral offset were measured.ResultsThe following means were observed: 36.54 mm for the length of the femoral neck; 37.48 mm for the width of the femoral neck; 108.42 mm for the length of the femoral axis; 130.47° for the neck-shaft angle; and 44.4 mm for the femoral offset.ConclusionThe mean values for the main measurements on the proximal femur in Brazilians differed from those of previous studies. It could also be shown that there was a statistically significant mean difference between men and women for all the variables, both on the left and on the right side, and that the men had greater means than the women.

r e v b r a s o r t o p . 2 0 1 5;5 0(1):16-21 w w w . r b o . o r g . b r Artigo Original informações sobre o artigo Histórico do artigo: Recebido em 30 de outubro de 2013 Aceito em 5 de dezembro de 2013 On-line em 23 de janeiro de 2015 Palavras-chave: Fêmur/anatomia e histologia Fêmur/fisiologia Radiografia r e s u m o Objetivo: Verificar a geometria do fêmur da população brasileira por meio de estudo radiográfico e correlacionar os valores quanto ao sexo e ao lado direito/esquerdo. Métodos: Foram analisadas 500 radiografias anteroposteriores de bacia de pacientes esqueleticamente maduros, 250 de cada sexo, sem a presença de osteoartrose, fraturas e lesões tumorais ou infecciosas. Foram mensurados os valores do comprimento e da largura do colo do fêmur, do eixo femoral, do ângulo colodiafisário e do offset femoral. Resultados: Observou-se uma média de 36,54 mm do comprimento do colo do fêmur, 37,48 mm da largura do colo do fêmur, 108,42 mm do comprimento do eixo femoral, 130,47 • do ângulo colodiafisário e 44,4 mm do offset femoral. Conclusão: Os valores médios das principais medidas do fêmur proximal dos brasileiros diferem de trabalhos prévios. Foi possível evidenciar também que existe diferença média estatisticamente significante entre homens e mulheres para todas as variáveis, tanto do lado esquerdo quanto do direito, e que os homens tiveram média maior do que as mulheres. © 2014 Sociedade Brasileira de Ortopedia e Traumatologia. Publicado por Elsevier Editora Ltda. Todos os direitos reservados. Radiographic study on the anatomical characteristics of the proximal femur in Brazilian adults Keywords:Femur/anatomy and histology Femur/physiology Radiography a b s t r a c t Objective: To ascertain the geometry of the femur in the Brazilian population by means of a radiographic study and to correlate the values with regard to sex and right/left side.Methods: Five hundred anteroposterior radiographs of the pelvis of skeletally mature patients (250 of each sex) who did not present any osteoarthrosis, fractures or tumoral or infectious lesions were analyzed. The length and width of the femoral neck, length of the femoral axis, neck-shaft angle and femoral offset were measured.

Sacropelvic fixation arose from the need to protect the sacral instrumentation in long constructions, due to failures in the implant-bone interface and the treatment of diseases in which there is no possibilities of sacral fixation such as infections and tumors. Due to anatomic difficulties and the complex spinopelvic biomechanics several techniques were developed. The fixation with iliac screws has become according to multiple studies, a well-established technique that minimizes frequent complications such as pseudoarthrosis and implant failure. However, it has disadvantages such as iliac wing fracture and skin lesions due to the protrusion of materials. The present study aims to comprehensively review the literature on the technique taking into account relevant aspects to its better knowledge and application. Level of evidence III; Therapeutic Study.

Estudos com o LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) têm revelado precisão satisfatória nas medições da estrutura de árvores, o que tem contribuído para a compreensão dos ecossistemas florestais, bem como para o fornecimento de dados necessários para a investigação de propriedades biofísicas da floresta. Frente à importância dessa ferramenta, o presente estudo teve como objetivo apresentar uma revisão sobre o LiDAR direcionado para aplicações florestais, e especificamente apresentar suas possibilidades e uso na Caatinga. A varredura a laser tem diversas classificações, uma delas baseia-se na plataforma onde o scanner está instalado. Assim, tem-se o laser scanner terrestre, que pode ser usado em uma base fixa ou móvel na superfície terrestre; o laser scanner aéreo, com o uso de aeronaves tripuladas e não-tripuladas; e o laser scanner orbital, localizado em plataformas espaciais. Em escala refinada, a estrutura tridimensional das árvores pode ser detectada pelo LiDAR, e assim se obter importantes informações de traços de espécies vegetais, bem como permitir sua identificação. Ainda, a medição de atributos florestais promovida pelos diferentes tipos de LiDAR tem fornecido dados consistentes de biomassa e carbono florestais, importantes para o desenvolvimento de estudos e monitoramento de estoque de carbono terrestre, o que tem colaborado com as estratégias de redução de efeitos das mudanças climáticas. Na caatinga, o LiDAR tem permitido a contabilização de árvores e a determinação de sua altura e diâmetro da copa, e por conseguinte, a aplicação de equações alométricas para estimativa dos estoques de carbono na vegetação.Palavras-chave: TLS, ALS, UAV, LiDAR orbital, estrutura florestal, caatinga                                                                                                                                 Use of LiDAR in Forest Data Estimation: A Review A B S T R A C TStudies with LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) have presented satisfactory accuracy on tree structure measurements, which has contributed to the understanding of forest ecosystems, as well as providing the necessary data for the investigation of biophysical properties of the forest. Given the importance of this tool, this study aimed to present a review of LiDAR for forestry applications, and specifically to present its possibilities and uses at the caatinga forest. Laser scanning has several classifications, one of which is based on the platform where the scanner is installed. Thus, there is the terrestrial laser scanner, which can be used on a fixed or mobile basis on the terrestrial surface; the aerial laser scanner, with the use of manned and unmanned aircraft; and the orbital laser scanner, located on space platforms. On a fine scale, the three-dimensional structure of trees can be detected by LiDAR, thus obtaining important information on plant traits, as well as allowing their identification. Furthermore, the measurement of forest attributes promoted by the different types of LiDAR has provided consistent data on forest biomass and carbon, important for the development of studies and monitoring of terrestrial carbon stock, which has collaborated with strategies to reduce the effects of changes climate. In the caatinga, LiDAR has allowed the counting of trees and the determination of their height and crown diameter, and, consequently, the application of allometric equations to estimate carbon stocks in the vegetation.Keywords: TLS, ALS, UAV, orbital LiDAR, forest structure, caatinga.

With the increase in the elderly population worldwide, the prevalence of degenerative diseases tends to grow, especially degenerative disc disease (DDD) in the lumbar spine. It is important to seek excellence treatments to ensure a better quality of life for patients. In this sense, the total disc replacement and the use of prostheses in the lumbar spine have been pointed out as alternative and promising treatments when compared to the standard treatment. The aim of this study is to show the results of total replacement of the intervertebral disc, through a review of the literature. The electronic search was performed in the PubMed databases, with the keywords “Total Disk Replacement”, “Low Back Pain”, and “Arthroplasty” in articles published as of 2012. We selected 16 articles. Level of Evidence: II. Type of study: Systematic reviewb of Level II studies or Level I studies with inconsistent results.