New Dimension in Magnetism and Superconductivity: 3D and Curvilinear Nanoarchitectures

Abstract

condensed matter physics, including cell membranes, [1] nematic crystals, [2,3] superfluids, [4] semiconductors, [5][6][7][8] ferromagnets, [9] and superconductors. [10,11] Currently, much attention is paid to strongly correlated electronic systems, for example, ferromagnets and superconductors, as they provide a unique tool to manipulate the topology of coexisting vector and scalar fields, associated with geometries of conventional systems.Until recently, in the case of magnetism, the influence of the geometry on the spin vector fields was addressed primarily by the design of the sample boundaries. This approach naturally brings the shape anisotropy to the system and leads to the formation of specific spin textures, for example, magnetic vortices [12] and antivortices [13] as well as provides control over the dynamics of the topologically nontrivial magnetic solitons. [14][15][16][17][18] This discussion also tackles the state of the art in modern experimental antiferromagnetism, where the design of the sample topography and boundaries allows to control the domain wall states. [19][20][21][22] With the development of novel fabrication techniques allowing to realize complex 3D architectures, not only the boundary effects but also the extrinsic geometrical properties (e.g., local curvatures) can be addressed rigorously for the case of ferromagnets [23][24][25][26][27] as well as superconductors. [28][29][30] The explored effects are directly related to the interplay between the Traditionally, the primary field, where curvature has been at the heart of research, is the theory of general relativity. In recent studies, however, the impact of curvilinear geometry enters various disciplines, ranging from solid-state physics over soft-matter physics, chemistry, and biology to mathematics, giving rise to a plethora of emerging domains such as curvilinear nematics, curvilinear studies of cell biology, curvilinear semiconductors, superfluidity, optics, 2D van der Waals materials, plasmonics, magnetism, and superconductivity. Here, the state of the art is summarized and prospects for future research in curvilinear solid-state systems exhibiting such fundamental cooperative phenomena as ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and superconductivity are outlined. Highlighting the recent developments and current challenges in theory, fabrication, and characterization of curvilinear micro-and nanostructures, special attention is paid to perspective research directions entailing new physics and to their strong application potential. Overall, the perspective is aimed at crossing the boundaries between the magnetism and superconductivity communities and drawing attention to the conceptual aspects of how extension of structures into the third dimension and curvilinear geometry can modify existing and aid launching novel functionalities. In addition, the perspective should stimulate the development and dissemination of research and development oriented techniques to facilitate rapid transitions from laboratory demonstrations to industry-...

Fundamentals of Curvilinear Ferromagnetism: Statics and Dynamics of Geometrically Curved Wires and Narrow Ribbons

“…We are convinced that the full application potential of curvilinear wires is yet to be explored for different device ideas. [30,[39][40][41] The current active application-oriented activities on shapeable magnetoelectronics, [176,177] elastic magnetic field sensorics, [178] spintronics, [14,56,[179][180][181][182][183][184] 3D magnonics, [117][118][119]122] and related concepts of reservoir computing, [185] magnetosensitive e-skins, [151] magnetic soft robotics, [186,187] trapping magnetic particles and living cells for magnetic sorting and sensing in fluidics, smart micromachines, and active soft matter [27,188] could be used as an inspiration for the implementation of curvilinear magnetic wires in technology.…”

“…The current activities on the curvilinear thin films are summarized in numerous reviews. [ 30,35–41 ]…”

Site-Selective Chemical Vapor Deposition on Direct-Write 3D Nanoarchitectures

“…5 These 3D objects can show a number of topological and geometrical effects not accessible in 2D that have further functionalities and potential applications. 6 Among the available 3D printing techniques, an important role is played by focused electron beam-and focused ion beam-induced deposition (FEBID and FIBID). 7,8 These direct-write techniques provide a feature resolution of a few nanometers with a high writing flexibility 9−11 and a growing number of available material compositions.…”

Field-induced spin reorientation transitions in antiferromagnetic ring-shaped spin chains

“…The geometry of a magnetic sample provides an additional degree of freedom to tune its anisotropic and chi- * o.pylypovskyi@hzdr.de ral responses [18][19][20][21]. Geometrical bends and twists in intrinsically achiral antiferromagnetic spin chains enable helimagnetic responses in the ground states [22].…”