New Dimension in Magnetism and Superconductivity: 3D and Curvilinear Nanoarchitectures

Abstract

condensed matter physics, including cell membranes, [1] nematic crystals, [2,3] superfluids, [4] semiconductors, [5][6][7][8] ferromagnets, [9] and superconductors. [10,11] Currently, much attention is paid to strongly correlated electronic systems, for example, ferromagnets and superconductors, as they provide a unique tool to manipulate the topology of coexisting vector and scalar fields, associated with geometries of conventional systems.Until recently, in the case of magnetism, the influence of the geometry on the spin vector fields was addressed primarily by the design of the sample boundaries. This approach naturally brings the shape anisotropy to the system and leads to the formation of specific spin textures, for example, magnetic vortices [12] and antivortices [13] as well as provides control over the dynamics of the topologically nontrivial magnetic solitons. [14][15][16][17][18] This discussion also tackles the state of the art in modern experimental antiferromagnetism, where the design of the sample topography and boundaries allows to control the domain wall states. [19][20][21][22] With the development of novel fabrication techniques allowing to realize complex 3D architectures, not only the boundary effects but also the extrinsic geometrical properties (e.g., local curvatures) can be addressed rigorously for the case of ferromagnets [23][24][25][26][27] as well as superconductors. [28][29][30] The explored effects are directly related to the interplay between the Traditionally, the primary field, where curvature has been at the heart of research, is the theory of general relativity. In recent studies, however, the impact of curvilinear geometry enters various disciplines, ranging from solid-state physics over soft-matter physics, chemistry, and biology to mathematics, giving rise to a plethora of emerging domains such as curvilinear nematics, curvilinear studies of cell biology, curvilinear semiconductors, superfluidity, optics, 2D van der Waals materials, plasmonics, magnetism, and superconductivity. Here, the state of the art is summarized and prospects for future research in curvilinear solid-state systems exhibiting such fundamental cooperative phenomena as ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and superconductivity are outlined. Highlighting the recent developments and current challenges in theory, fabrication, and characterization of curvilinear micro-and nanostructures, special attention is paid to perspective research directions entailing new physics and to their strong application potential. Overall, the perspective is aimed at crossing the boundaries between the magnetism and superconductivity communities and drawing attention to the conceptual aspects of how extension of structures into the third dimension and curvilinear geometry can modify existing and aid launching novel functionalities. In addition, the perspective should stimulate the development and dissemination of research and development oriented techniques to facilitate rapid transitions from laboratory demonstrations to industry-...

Effective Manipulation of Skyrmions via Strain Gradient

“…It should be noted that curvature has been reported to influence interfacial DMI and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in curved magnetic thin films [63–66]. Moreover, theoretical considerations predict that curvature‐induced effects would modulate magnetic domains symmetrically at wrinkle peaks and valleys [65].…”

Effective Manipulation of Skyrmions via Strain Gradient

“…It should be noted that curvature has been reported to influence interfacial DMI and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in curved magnetic thin films [63–66]. Moreover, theoretical considerations predict that curvature‐induced effects would modulate magnetic domains symmetrically at wrinkle peaks and valleys [65].…”

Strain Gradient Induced Skyrmion in a van der Waals Magnet by Wrinkling

“…The wrinkled Fe 3 GaTe 2 structure introduces not only strain and strain gradient but also curvature. This curvature induces a chiral magnetic interaction through the curvature effect, [40][41][42] manifesting as a mesoscale DMI (mDMI). [43] The mDMI can combine with the intrinsic DMI to activate the chiral manipulation of magnetic textures.…”

Superconducting Diode Effect due to Chiral Meissner Currents in a Hollow Superconducting Helix

“…These findings open up new perspectives for integrating top-down fabricated 3D super-conducting diodes into multilayer superconducting circuits. 22,34 Superconducting helices with sub-100 nm features have already been realized experimentally. 35 Hollow helices as proposed in this work could be realized using a coated deposition technique such as atomic layer deposition 36,37 on top of a template structure prepared by e.g.…”

Effective Manipulation of Skyrmions via Strain Gradient

“…It should be noted that curvature has been reported to influence interfacial DMI and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in curved magnetic thin films [63–66]. Moreover, theoretical considerations predict that curvature‐induced effects would modulate magnetic domains symmetrically at wrinkle peaks and valleys [65].…”

Strain Gradient Induced Skyrmion in a van der Waals Magnet by Wrinkling

“…The wrinkled Fe 3 GaTe 2 structure introduces not only strain and strain gradient but also curvature. This curvature induces a chiral magnetic interaction through the curvature effect, [40][41][42] manifesting as a mesoscale DMI (mDMI). [43] The mDMI can combine with the intrinsic DMI to activate the chiral manipulation of magnetic textures.…”

Superconducting Diode Effect due to Chiral Meissner Currents in a Hollow Superconducting Helix

“…These findings open up new perspectives for integrating top-down fabricated 3D super-conducting diodes into multilayer superconducting circuits. 22,34 Superconducting helices with sub-100 nm features have already been realized experimentally. 35 Hollow helices as proposed in this work could be realized using a coated deposition technique such as atomic layer deposition 36,37 on top of a template structure prepared by e.g.…”

Effective Manipulation of Skyrmions via Strain Gradient

“…It should be noted that curvature has been reported to influence interfacial DMI and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in curved magnetic thin films [63–66]. Moreover, theoretical considerations predict that curvature‐induced effects would modulate magnetic domains symmetrically at wrinkle peaks and valleys [65].…”

Strain Gradient Induced Skyrmion in a van der Waals Magnet by Wrinkling

“…The wrinkled Fe 3 GaTe 2 structure introduces not only strain and strain gradient but also curvature. This curvature induces a chiral magnetic interaction through the curvature effect, [40][41][42] manifesting as a mesoscale DMI (mDMI). [43] The mDMI can combine with the intrinsic DMI to activate the chiral manipulation of magnetic textures.…”

Superconducting Diode Effect due to Chiral Meissner Currents in a Hollow Superconducting Helix

“…These findings open up new perspectives for integrating top-down fabricated 3D super-conducting diodes into multilayer superconducting circuits. 22,34 Superconducting helices with sub-100 nm features have already been realized experimentally. 35 Hollow helices as proposed in this work could be realized using a coated deposition technique such as atomic layer deposition 36,37 on top of a template structure prepared by e.g.…”