The footprint of the desalination processes on the environment

Life cycle assessment of three water systems in Copenhagen–a management tool of the future

“…A similar high impact of desalination compared to e.g. conventional groundwater abstraction was also observed by others (Einav et al 2003;Stokes & Horvath 2006;Vince et al 2008). To decrease the greenhouse effect from the water supply renewable energy sources such as wind turbines and solar cells has been suggested to provide energy for treatment and pumping (Kalogirou 2005;Ferná ndez-Ló pez et al 2009).…”

Life cycle assessment of three water systems in Copenhagen–a management tool of the future

“…A similar high impact of desalination compared to e.g. conventional groundwater abstraction was also observed by others (Einav et al 2003;Stokes & Horvath 2006;Vince et al 2008). To decrease the greenhouse effect from the water supply renewable energy sources such as wind turbines and solar cells has been suggested to provide energy for treatment and pumping (Kalogirou 2005;Ferná ndez-Ló pez et al 2009).…”

Risk allocation in public-private partnership water supply projects in Ghana

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Renewable Energy Powered Membrane Technology. 1. Development and Characterization of a Photovoltaic Hybrid Membrane System

“…In this system, all water is pretreated with UF and is physically disinfected (). In large-scale desalination plants, this brine or concentrate stream is usually discharged to the sea, which causes an array of environmental problems due to the density of the waste stream being higher than the feedwater ( , ), or it requires further treatment ( , ). In small-scale plants the concentrate may be introduced into the sewer system, if available.…”

Life cycle assessment of three water systems in Copenhagen–a management tool of the future

“…A similar high impact of desalination compared to e.g. conventional groundwater abstraction was also observed by others (Einav et al 2003;Stokes & Horvath 2006;Vince et al 2008). To decrease the greenhouse effect from the water supply renewable energy sources such as wind turbines and solar cells has been suggested to provide energy for treatment and pumping (Kalogirou 2005;Ferná ndez-Ló pez et al 2009).…”

Risk allocation in public-private partnership water supply projects in Ghana

“……”

Renewable Energy Powered Membrane Technology. 1. Development and Characterization of a Photovoltaic Hybrid Membrane System

“…In this system, all water is pretreated with UF and is physically disinfected (). In large-scale desalination plants, this brine or concentrate stream is usually discharged to the sea, which causes an array of environmental problems due to the density of the waste stream being higher than the feedwater ( , ), or it requires further treatment ( , ). In small-scale plants the concentrate may be introduced into the sewer system, if available.…”

Life cycle assessment of three water systems in Copenhagen–a management tool of the future

“…A similar high impact of desalination compared to e.g. conventional groundwater abstraction was also observed by others (Einav et al 2003;Stokes & Horvath 2006;Vince et al 2008). To decrease the greenhouse effect from the water supply renewable energy sources such as wind turbines and solar cells has been suggested to provide energy for treatment and pumping (Kalogirou 2005;Ferná ndez-Ló pez et al 2009).…”

Risk allocation in public-private partnership water supply projects in Ghana

“……”

Renewable Energy Powered Membrane Technology. 1. Development and Characterization of a Photovoltaic Hybrid Membrane System

“…In this system, all water is pretreated with UF and is physically disinfected (). In large-scale desalination plants, this brine or concentrate stream is usually discharged to the sea, which causes an array of environmental problems due to the density of the waste stream being higher than the feedwater ( , ), or it requires further treatment ( , ). In small-scale plants the concentrate may be introduced into the sewer system, if available.…”