“…To date, the immunotoxicity of NMs has been independently investigated using several kinds of cells, such as murine dendritic cells ( Winter et al, 2011 ), murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells ( Alsaleh et al, 2019 ), rat NR8383 alveolar macrophages ( Wiemann et al, 2016 ), murine macrophage cell line J774A.1 cells and human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 cells ( Breznan et al, 2017 ), human monocytic cell line THP-1 cells ( Nishijima et al, 2017a ; Cui et al, 2020 ; Murugadoss et al, 2020 ; Eto et al, 2022 ), and differentiated THP-1 cells ( Brzicova et al, 2019 ) with a variety of evaluation indices, such as CD80, CD86, CD54, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Therefore, it is essential to develop a standardized in vitro method to evaluate the immunotoxicity of NMs.…”