Nucleotide‐Binding Oligomerization Domain (NOD)-Like Receptor Subfamily C (NLRC) as a Prognostic Biomarker for Glioblastoma Multiforme Linked to Tumor Microenvironment: A Bioinformatics, Immunohistochemistry, and Machine Learning-Based Study

NOD2 Promotes Glioblastoma Progression Through Effects on Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Stemness

“…Our TCGA analysis and immunohistochemical validation demonstrate a significant NOD2 upregulation in GBM specimens, suggesting that NOD2 contributes to the GBM pathogenesis beyond its conventional immune functions. This finding aligns with recent reports indicating that an aberrant NOD1/2 and NLRC4 expression correlates with poor survival in GBM patients [ 21 , 22 ].…”

NOD2 Promotes Glioblastoma Progression Through Effects on Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Stemness

“…Our TCGA analysis and immunohistochemical validation demonstrate a significant NOD2 upregulation in GBM specimens, suggesting that NOD2 contributes to the GBM pathogenesis beyond its conventional immune functions. This finding aligns with recent reports indicating that an aberrant NOD1/2 and NLRC4 expression correlates with poor survival in GBM patients [ 21 , 22 ].…”

Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Drug and Biomarker Discovery for Glioblastoma: A Scoping Review of the Literature

“…These data suggest the role of DKK3 in promoting tumor growth due to its loss of function as a tumor suppression gene [ 51 ]. Han and coworkers [ 23 ] searched for genes that can interfere with the WNT pathway, including DKK3. Using the brain cancer gene database and an ML system, the authors performed a gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), a network-based analysis, a survival analysis, and an in vitro drug screening assay based on DKK3 expression.…”

“…Using the brain cancer gene database and an ML system, the authors performed a gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), a network-based analysis, a survival analysis, and an in vitro drug screening assay based on DKK3 expression. The data showed that high DKK3 expression was negatively correlated with increased antitumor immunity, especially CD8 + and CD4 + T cells, in patients with GB [ 23 ].…”

“…Of note, the TEX-C1 subtype presented higher infiltration levels of immune cells, an expressed higher levels of immune checkpoint molecules and a significantly worse prognosis [ 26 ]. Recently, it was shown that increased expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) 1/2 at NLRC4 was associated with worse survival in GB patients [ 23 ]. These biomarkers are members of the NOD-like receptor subfamily C, whose components participate in the regulation of the innate immune response.…”

Analysis of transcription profiles for the identification of master regulators as the key players in glioblastoma

“…The majority of them seems to be associated with normal functioning of immune cells, e.g., T-cell receptor components (CD4 and CD3E), major histocompatibility complex of class I and II (e HLA-A, HLA-DMA, HLA-DOA, HLA-DQB1, HLA-E, HLA-F), various cytokines and their receptors, whereas some of them are clearly associated with immune suppression, e.g., interleukin 10 receptor (IL10RA), and receptor for interleukins 4 and 13 [75] , [76] . Several recent studies showed that the high expression of various gene encoding immune-related MRs that are known to be important components of anti-tumor immune response, e.g., interferon gamma receptor (IFNGR2) [77] , [78] , [79] , and pattern recognition receptors NOD1 and NOD2 [80] , was associated with GBM progression and lower survival. These findings can be explained by the fact that these molecules are expressed on various immune and non-immune cells in the GBM core and peritumoral microenvironment, which, in turn, form a complex cell-cell interaction network.…”

NOD2 Promotes Glioblastoma Progression Through Effects on Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Stemness

“…Our TCGA analysis and immunohistochemical validation demonstrate a significant NOD2 upregulation in GBM specimens, suggesting that NOD2 contributes to the GBM pathogenesis beyond its conventional immune functions. This finding aligns with recent reports indicating that an aberrant NOD1/2 and NLRC4 expression correlates with poor survival in GBM patients [ 21 , 22 ].…”

Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Drug and Biomarker Discovery for Glioblastoma: A Scoping Review of the Literature

“…These data suggest the role of DKK3 in promoting tumor growth due to its loss of function as a tumor suppression gene [ 51 ]. Han and coworkers [ 23 ] searched for genes that can interfere with the WNT pathway, including DKK3. Using the brain cancer gene database and an ML system, the authors performed a gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), a network-based analysis, a survival analysis, and an in vitro drug screening assay based on DKK3 expression.…”

“…Using the brain cancer gene database and an ML system, the authors performed a gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), a network-based analysis, a survival analysis, and an in vitro drug screening assay based on DKK3 expression. The data showed that high DKK3 expression was negatively correlated with increased antitumor immunity, especially CD8 + and CD4 + T cells, in patients with GB [ 23 ].…”

“…Of note, the TEX-C1 subtype presented higher infiltration levels of immune cells, an expressed higher levels of immune checkpoint molecules and a significantly worse prognosis [ 26 ]. Recently, it was shown that increased expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) 1/2 at NLRC4 was associated with worse survival in GB patients [ 23 ]. These biomarkers are members of the NOD-like receptor subfamily C, whose components participate in the regulation of the innate immune response.…”

Analysis of transcription profiles for the identification of master regulators as the key players in glioblastoma

“…The majority of them seems to be associated with normal functioning of immune cells, e.g., T-cell receptor components (CD4 and CD3E), major histocompatibility complex of class I and II (e HLA-A, HLA-DMA, HLA-DOA, HLA-DQB1, HLA-E, HLA-F), various cytokines and their receptors, whereas some of them are clearly associated with immune suppression, e.g., interleukin 10 receptor (IL10RA), and receptor for interleukins 4 and 13 [75] , [76] . Several recent studies showed that the high expression of various gene encoding immune-related MRs that are known to be important components of anti-tumor immune response, e.g., interferon gamma receptor (IFNGR2) [77] , [78] , [79] , and pattern recognition receptors NOD1 and NOD2 [80] , was associated with GBM progression and lower survival. These findings can be explained by the fact that these molecules are expressed on various immune and non-immune cells in the GBM core and peritumoral microenvironment, which, in turn, form a complex cell-cell interaction network.…”

NOD2 Promotes Glioblastoma Progression Through Effects on Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Stemness

“…Our TCGA analysis and immunohistochemical validation demonstrate a significant NOD2 upregulation in GBM specimens, suggesting that NOD2 contributes to the GBM pathogenesis beyond its conventional immune functions. This finding aligns with recent reports indicating that an aberrant NOD1/2 and NLRC4 expression correlates with poor survival in GBM patients [ 21 , 22 ].…”

Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Drug and Biomarker Discovery for Glioblastoma: A Scoping Review of the Literature

“…These data suggest the role of DKK3 in promoting tumor growth due to its loss of function as a tumor suppression gene [ 51 ]. Han and coworkers [ 23 ] searched for genes that can interfere with the WNT pathway, including DKK3. Using the brain cancer gene database and an ML system, the authors performed a gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), a network-based analysis, a survival analysis, and an in vitro drug screening assay based on DKK3 expression.…”

“…Using the brain cancer gene database and an ML system, the authors performed a gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), a network-based analysis, a survival analysis, and an in vitro drug screening assay based on DKK3 expression. The data showed that high DKK3 expression was negatively correlated with increased antitumor immunity, especially CD8 + and CD4 + T cells, in patients with GB [ 23 ].…”

“…Of note, the TEX-C1 subtype presented higher infiltration levels of immune cells, an expressed higher levels of immune checkpoint molecules and a significantly worse prognosis [ 26 ]. Recently, it was shown that increased expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) 1/2 at NLRC4 was associated with worse survival in GB patients [ 23 ]. These biomarkers are members of the NOD-like receptor subfamily C, whose components participate in the regulation of the innate immune response.…”

Analysis of transcription profiles for the identification of master regulators as the key players in glioblastoma

“…The majority of them seems to be associated with normal functioning of immune cells, e.g., T-cell receptor components (CD4 and CD3E), major histocompatibility complex of class I and II (e HLA-A, HLA-DMA, HLA-DOA, HLA-DQB1, HLA-E, HLA-F), various cytokines and their receptors, whereas some of them are clearly associated with immune suppression, e.g., interleukin 10 receptor (IL10RA), and receptor for interleukins 4 and 13 [75] , [76] . Several recent studies showed that the high expression of various gene encoding immune-related MRs that are known to be important components of anti-tumor immune response, e.g., interferon gamma receptor (IFNGR2) [77] , [78] , [79] , and pattern recognition receptors NOD1 and NOD2 [80] , was associated with GBM progression and lower survival. These findings can be explained by the fact that these molecules are expressed on various immune and non-immune cells in the GBM core and peritumoral microenvironment, which, in turn, form a complex cell-cell interaction network.…”