Genetic polymorphisms in the cytokine genes and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in low-risk non-Asians of USA

Aberrant expression of p-STAT3 in peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells related to hepatocellular carcinoma development

“…We observed that the IFN-γ level is decreased and the IL-4 level is increased in the serum of HCC patients compared to healthy controls, in agreement with a previous study (36). Cytokine profiles indicating a deregulation of both Th1-and Th2-type cells have been previously associated with the development of HCC (18). Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2) are related to cell-mediated immune responses in HCC (19).…”

“…Th1 cells mediate antitumor reactivity through secretion of cytokines, including IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 are secreted by Th2 cells, and downregulate antitumor immunity (18,19). The Th1/Th2 balance is altered in HCC patients, and this event can lead to tumorigenesis (20).…”

The TNF-α, IL-1B and IL-10 polymorphisms and risk for hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis

“…Due to these cytokines' bio-functions in inXammation and development of HCC, many studies have investigated the relations between their polymorphisms and risk for HCC. However, the results were inconsistent, for their rather small sample size and uniWed ethnicity (Akkiz et al 2009, Ben-Ari et al 2003, Bouzgarrou et al 2009, Chen et al 2005, Heneghan et al 2003, Hirankarn et al 2006, Ho et al 2004, Jeng et al 2009, Jung et al 2009, Kummee et al2007, Migita et al 2005, Nieters et al 2005, Niro et al 2005, Ognjanovic et al 2009, Okamoto et al 2010, Sakamoto et al 2008, Shin et al 2003, Tanaka et al 2003, Wang et al 2003. To provide further investigation into these controversial points, a meta-analysis is needed to achieve a more reliable and comprehensive conclusion.…”

Polymorphisms of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk: A HuGE Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Seventeen relevant studies (three [34][35][36] in Chinese and 14 in English [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]) with a total number of 2,357 cases and 3,161 controls were included in this analysis [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. Characteristics of the included studies are shown in Table 1.…”