Effect of coupling agents on properties of vegetable fiber polymeric composites: review

Abstract

Using natural fibers in composites presents a wide range of applications, from furniture to airplanes. In polymeric composite, the use of fiber is to boost strength and stiffness. However, this material presents low mechanical properties compared to virgin polymers due to hydrophilic nature of the fiber and hydrophobic nature of the polymer. It can result in weak bonding matrix/fiber which may cause incompatibility problem in bonding fibers with most of the polymer matrices. To achieve compatibility between surfaces there is a need to modify them, and one alternative is using coupling agents. Maleated coupling agents stand out as option, but their source is petroleum-derived polyolefin. Researchers have been seeking for more environmentally friendly alternatives to replace these materials. Therefore, this work aims to bring a comprehensive review of the mechanical behavior of maleated and ecological coupling agents. Based on the literature, resistance, flexural, and tensile strength were properties discussed.

Utilization of Ananas comosus Crown Residue Husk as a Sustainable Strength Additive for EPR/LDPE Blend Composites

“…Apart from that, EPR has a higher affinity for both PCRh and LDPE than LDPE alone. As a result, it also increases interfacial adhesion, which leads to better load transfer between the different components of the composite and hence the strength, 32 − 34 corroborating with Figure 4 B,F,H.…”

Utilization of Ananas comosus Crown Residue Husk as a Sustainable Strength Additive for EPR/LDPE Blend Composites

“…Apart from that, EPR has a higher affinity for both PCRh and LDPE than LDPE alone. As a result, it also increases interfacial adhesion, which leads to better load transfer between the different components of the composite and hence the strength, 32 − 34 corroborating with Figure 4 B,F,H.…”

Micromechanical Modeling‐Guided Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Alfa‐Fiber/Polypropylene Biocomposites Toward a Glass‐Fiber Stiffness Benchmark

“…(14) E (GPa) = 1, 0848 + 0, 05344 w F -0, 00361 w MAPP + 0, 1100 L F , R 2 = 97.69% (15) u (MPa) = 29, 82 + 0,445 w F + 0,862 16) b ( % ) = 10, 27 -0, 2178 w F -0,004 w MAPP -0,258…”

“…Increasing fiber content generally enhances stiffness but can lead to agglomeration and reduced impact strength if the aspect ratio is compromised during processing [11][12][13]. Although maleicanhydride-grafted PP (MAPP) is known to strengthen the interface, optimal dosage windows relative to fiber length and content have not been generalized across property targets [14][15][16][17][18].…”

“…Against this backdrop, a specific knowledge gap persists for PP/short-Alfa/MAPP composites: no statistically validated, formulation-explicit model set has been reported that jointly predicts tensile modulus, strength, and elongation as functions of fiber fraction, preserved length, and coupling dosage, whereas being stringent enough to benchmark directly against commercial PP-30 wt% GF [8,9,29]. Micromechanics-based insight exists for natural-fiber PP stiffness [30], yet integration with interfacial-strength surrogates and ductility-loss models remains fragmented [15,[31][32][33][34].…”

Toward the production of biopolyethylene‐based ecocomposites with improved performance: The potential of eggshell particles as an ecological additive

“…[6][7][8] Developing ecocomposites and better adapting plastics production processes are necessary to reduce environmental damage. 9,10 Recently, [11][12][13][14] much attention has been focused on producing ecocomposites reinforced with natural raw materials due to biodegradability, low density, wide availability, low cost, carbon capture, and usually low energy content. The main renewable polymer matrices used for ecological composites production are polycaprolactone, 15,16 poly(lactic acid), 17,18 polyhydroxybutyrate, 19,20 poly(butylene adipate co-terephthalate), 21,22 and biopolyethylene (BioPE), 23,24 considering good mechanical properties for structural applications.…”

Utilization of Ananas comosus Crown Residue Husk as a Sustainable Strength Additive for EPR/LDPE Blend Composites

“…Apart from that, EPR has a higher affinity for both PCRh and LDPE than LDPE alone. As a result, it also increases interfacial adhesion, which leads to better load transfer between the different components of the composite and hence the strength, 32 − 34 corroborating with Figure 4 B,F,H.…”

Micromechanical Modeling‐Guided Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Alfa‐Fiber/Polypropylene Biocomposites Toward a Glass‐Fiber Stiffness Benchmark

“…(14) E (GPa) = 1, 0848 + 0, 05344 w F -0, 00361 w MAPP + 0, 1100 L F , R 2 = 97.69% (15) u (MPa) = 29, 82 + 0,445 w F + 0,862 16) b ( % ) = 10, 27 -0, 2178 w F -0,004 w MAPP -0,258…”

“…Increasing fiber content generally enhances stiffness but can lead to agglomeration and reduced impact strength if the aspect ratio is compromised during processing [11][12][13]. Although maleicanhydride-grafted PP (MAPP) is known to strengthen the interface, optimal dosage windows relative to fiber length and content have not been generalized across property targets [14][15][16][17][18].…”

“…Against this backdrop, a specific knowledge gap persists for PP/short-Alfa/MAPP composites: no statistically validated, formulation-explicit model set has been reported that jointly predicts tensile modulus, strength, and elongation as functions of fiber fraction, preserved length, and coupling dosage, whereas being stringent enough to benchmark directly against commercial PP-30 wt% GF [8,9,29]. Micromechanics-based insight exists for natural-fiber PP stiffness [30], yet integration with interfacial-strength surrogates and ductility-loss models remains fragmented [15,[31][32][33][34].…”

Toward the production of biopolyethylene‐based ecocomposites with improved performance: The potential of eggshell particles as an ecological additive

“…[6][7][8] Developing ecocomposites and better adapting plastics production processes are necessary to reduce environmental damage. 9,10 Recently, [11][12][13][14] much attention has been focused on producing ecocomposites reinforced with natural raw materials due to biodegradability, low density, wide availability, low cost, carbon capture, and usually low energy content. The main renewable polymer matrices used for ecological composites production are polycaprolactone, 15,16 poly(lactic acid), 17,18 polyhydroxybutyrate, 19,20 poly(butylene adipate co-terephthalate), 21,22 and biopolyethylene (BioPE), 23,24 considering good mechanical properties for structural applications.…”

Utilization of Ananas comosus Crown Residue Husk as a Sustainable Strength Additive for EPR/LDPE Blend Composites

“…Apart from that, EPR has a higher affinity for both PCRh and LDPE than LDPE alone. As a result, it also increases interfacial adhesion, which leads to better load transfer between the different components of the composite and hence the strength, 32 − 34 corroborating with Figure 4 B,F,H.…”

Micromechanical Modeling‐Guided Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Alfa‐Fiber/Polypropylene Biocomposites Toward a Glass‐Fiber Stiffness Benchmark

“…(14) E (GPa) = 1, 0848 + 0, 05344 w F -0, 00361 w MAPP + 0, 1100 L F , R 2 = 97.69% (15) u (MPa) = 29, 82 + 0,445 w F + 0,862 16) b ( % ) = 10, 27 -0, 2178 w F -0,004 w MAPP -0,258…”

“…Increasing fiber content generally enhances stiffness but can lead to agglomeration and reduced impact strength if the aspect ratio is compromised during processing [11][12][13]. Although maleicanhydride-grafted PP (MAPP) is known to strengthen the interface, optimal dosage windows relative to fiber length and content have not been generalized across property targets [14][15][16][17][18].…”

“…Against this backdrop, a specific knowledge gap persists for PP/short-Alfa/MAPP composites: no statistically validated, formulation-explicit model set has been reported that jointly predicts tensile modulus, strength, and elongation as functions of fiber fraction, preserved length, and coupling dosage, whereas being stringent enough to benchmark directly against commercial PP-30 wt% GF [8,9,29]. Micromechanics-based insight exists for natural-fiber PP stiffness [30], yet integration with interfacial-strength surrogates and ductility-loss models remains fragmented [15,[31][32][33][34].…”

Toward the production of biopolyethylene‐based ecocomposites with improved performance: The potential of eggshell particles as an ecological additive

“…[6][7][8] Developing ecocomposites and better adapting plastics production processes are necessary to reduce environmental damage. 9,10 Recently, [11][12][13][14] much attention has been focused on producing ecocomposites reinforced with natural raw materials due to biodegradability, low density, wide availability, low cost, carbon capture, and usually low energy content. The main renewable polymer matrices used for ecological composites production are polycaprolactone, 15,16 poly(lactic acid), 17,18 polyhydroxybutyrate, 19,20 poly(butylene adipate co-terephthalate), 21,22 and biopolyethylene (BioPE), 23,24 considering good mechanical properties for structural applications.…”