Comparative Flower Development in<i>Theobroma cacao</i>Based on Temporal Morphological Indicators

Swanson, John David; Carlson, John E.; Guiltinan, Mark J.

doi:10.1086/591986

Cited by 22 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…They further observed that this codification facilitated crops description based on varietal, environmental and ecological differences. Swanson et al [14] did a comparative flower development in Theobroma cacao based on temporal morphological indicators and morphological measurements using time-lapse photography. This was used to create mathematical models of flower development, and a comparison of the T. cacao floral developmental program to the rosid model system.…”

Section: The Application Of Bbch Scale For Codification and Illustratmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of BBCH Scale for Codification and Illustrations of the Floral Stages of Caribbean Fine Cacao Theobroma cacao L.

Bridgemohan¹,

Mohamed²,

Mohammed³

et al. 2016

JAST-A

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Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is the major input into the chocolate manufacturing industry, particularly the fine or flavor of the indigenous variety Trinitario, which is the hybrid of Crillo and Forastero. One key problem encountered by researchers is the inability to differentiate the various phenological stages of the cocoa reproductive cycle and to assess or predict the yield. This study sets out to map the various stages of the reproductive biology of cacao and to develop a set of photographic illustrations that appropriately describe the floral biology and development stages of Caribbean fine cocoa as a tool for agronomist and farmers. It used a modified version of the codification of the "extended BBCH" scale (Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemische Industrie, Germany), which is a numerical system that differentiates between principal, secondary and tertiary growth stages. The phases and all floral stages to fruit development are described and illustrated in a set of photographs, which can now be used for training and referencing purposes. This is the first attempt to undertake and document this study.

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Section: The Application Of Bbch Scale For Codification and Illustratmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of BBCH Scale for Codification and Illustrations of the Floral Stages of Caribbean Fine Cacao Theobroma cacao L.

Bridgemohan¹,

Mohamed²,

Mohammed³

et al. 2016

JAST-A

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“…The cacao tree is a perennial plant with undefined growth and fruit production that can vary from 20 to more than 60 years, with fruits growing on both the trunk and the branches. The fruits arise from the pollination of flowers grouped in flower cushions (Swanson et al 2008). The pods contain seeds are fermented with surrounding mucilage then dried to produce fermented dried cacao, the raw material used to make chocolate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relations between several traits linked to sexual plant reproduction in Theobroma cacao L.: number of ovules per ovary, number of seeds per pod, and seed weight

Cilas

Machado²,

Motamayor³

2009

Tree Genetics & Genomes

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Tropical perennial plants cultivated outside their place of origin call for major germplasm characterization and prebreeding work. For cacao breeding, the selection process has to optimize the weight of cacao beans produced per tree by increasing the number of pods produced, the number of seeds per pod (NoSP), and the mean weight of seeds produced (SW). NoSP and SW were studied over nine consecutive years in a collection of more than 200 clones. The number of ovules per ovary (NoOV) was also examined in a subsample of this collection in order to evaluate the ability to predict NoSP. NoSP and SW showed a relatively normal distribution with heritabilities of 0.29 and 0.51, respectively. The composite trait "mean seed weight per pod" showed a generalized extreme value distribution of intermediate heritability (0.43). NoSP and SW were found to be genetically independent. NoOV was highly heritable (h 2 =0.810), but it did not provide good prediction of NoSP. The largest seeds were observed in genotypes derived from crosses between cultivated cacao trees, which had been formerly domesticated. Domestication therefore favored seed size, while for the other traits examined, similar variation was found between wild and domesticated populations.

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“…(Farbos et al, 1997), Solanum lycopersicum L. (as Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) (Brukhin et al, 2003), Antirrhinum majus L. (Vincent & Coen, 2004) and Theobroma cacao L. (Swanson, Carlson & Guiltinan, 2008)]. In addition, each of these studies used different approaches depending on the type of biological material and on the corresponding experimental constraints (e.g.…”

Section: Discussion a Schedule For Flower Development In [P] And [T] mentioning

confidence: 99%

Flower development schedule andAGAMOUS-like gene expression patterns in two morphs ofNigella damascena(Ranunculaceae) differing in floral architecture

et al. 2015

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Love-in-a-mist (Nigella damascena) is an annual species of Ranunculaceae native to the Mediterranean Basin, characterized by delicate flowers lying on long lacy bracts. Two floral morphs of N. damascena, designated [P] and [T], differ in the identity and number of perianth organs and in the position of the perianth-androecium boundary on the meristem. They both occur in the wild. Here we describe a precise comparative schedule of floral development in the two morphs. We divided the sequence of developmental events affecting the floral meristem into six stages and related them to the height of the elongating stem and to the time elapsed after the beginning of stem elongation. In addition, we characterized the expression pattern of C-class genes in floral organs of both morphs in an attempt to better characterize the differences between the two floral groundplans. In the [T] morph an expansion of the expression domain of AGAMOUS (AG) paralogues outside the fertile organs was observed, correlating with the change in identity of the inner perianth organs. Expression of AG-like genes in the sepal-like organs suggests these are not identical to true sepals at the molecular level. The morpho-temporal framework we have defined will allow us to compare various gene expression profiles at targeted developmental stages in both morphs, providing further insight into the molecular control of the floral dimorphism in N. damascena and into the processes underlying the transition from a differentiated (bipartite) to an undifferentiated (unipartite) perianth.

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Comparative Flower Development inTheobroma cacaoBased on Temporal Morphological Indicators

Cited by 22 publications

References 39 publications

The Application of BBCH Scale for Codification and Illustrations of the Floral Stages of Caribbean Fine Cacao Theobroma cacao L.

The Application of BBCH Scale for Codification and Illustrations of the Floral Stages of Caribbean Fine Cacao Theobroma cacao L.

Relations between several traits linked to sexual plant reproduction in Theobroma cacao L.: number of ovules per ovary, number of seeds per pod, and seed weight

Flower development schedule andAGAMOUS-like gene expression patterns in two morphs ofNigella damascena(Ranunculaceae) differing in floral architecture

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