Association Between Urinary Parabens and Sperm Quality in Nigerian Men: A Case–Control Study

Association Between Antibiotic Exposure and the Risk of Male Infertility: A Case–Control Study

“…The study was designed as a case–control study that compared urinary levels of antibiotics between men with low sperm count and poor-quality spermatozoa with men with normal sperm count and quality. This report was part of a study that investigated the effects of various environmental contaminants and toxins in association with male infertility in Nigerian men, the design and some of the findings of which have been reported elsewhere [ 11 , 12 ].…”

“…Urine samples were filtered and stored at −40 °C for later analysis, while semen samples were analysed immediately. Details of how the participants were characterised as fertile and infertile, recruitment, data collection, sample preparation, semen analysis, quality assurance, and hormone assay are published elsewhere [ 11 , 12 ].…”

“…There is no statistically significant difference in the characteristics of the respondents whose urine underwent biochemical analysis and those whose urine did not (N = 111), except in their religious affiliation [ 11 ]. The details of the analytical method have been reported elsewhere [ 11 , 12 ].…”

“…In our previous investigation and analysis of urinary samples of fertile and infertile men in southwest Nigeria, we identified a large number of samples with high levels of different types of antibiotics [ 11 , 12 ]. We speculated the possibility of these antibiotics being independently associated with male infertility of fertility after controlling for possible confounding variables.…”

Association Between Antibiotic Exposure and the Risk of Male Infertility: A Case–Control Study

“…The study was designed as a case–control study that compared urinary levels of antibiotics between men with low sperm count and poor-quality spermatozoa with men with normal sperm count and quality. This report was part of a study that investigated the effects of various environmental contaminants and toxins in association with male infertility in Nigerian men, the design and some of the findings of which have been reported elsewhere [ 11 , 12 ].…”

“…Urine samples were filtered and stored at −40 °C for later analysis, while semen samples were analysed immediately. Details of how the participants were characterised as fertile and infertile, recruitment, data collection, sample preparation, semen analysis, quality assurance, and hormone assay are published elsewhere [ 11 , 12 ].…”

“…There is no statistically significant difference in the characteristics of the respondents whose urine underwent biochemical analysis and those whose urine did not (N = 111), except in their religious affiliation [ 11 ]. The details of the analytical method have been reported elsewhere [ 11 , 12 ].…”

“…In our previous investigation and analysis of urinary samples of fertile and infertile men in southwest Nigeria, we identified a large number of samples with high levels of different types of antibiotics [ 11 , 12 ]. We speculated the possibility of these antibiotics being independently associated with male infertility of fertility after controlling for possible confounding variables.…”

Association Between Antibiotic Exposure and the Risk of Male Infertility: A Case–Control Study

“…The study was designed as a case–control study that compared urinary levels of antibiotics between men with low sperm count and poor-quality spermatozoa with men with normal sperm count and quality. This report was part of a study that investigated the effects of various environmental contaminants and toxins in association with male infertility in Nigerian men, the design and some of the findings of which have been reported elsewhere [ 11 , 12 ].…”

“…Urine samples were filtered and stored at −40 °C for later analysis, while semen samples were analysed immediately. Details of how the participants were characterised as fertile and infertile, recruitment, data collection, sample preparation, semen analysis, quality assurance, and hormone assay are published elsewhere [ 11 , 12 ].…”

“…There is no statistically significant difference in the characteristics of the respondents whose urine underwent biochemical analysis and those whose urine did not (N = 111), except in their religious affiliation [ 11 ]. The details of the analytical method have been reported elsewhere [ 11 , 12 ].…”

“…In our previous investigation and analysis of urinary samples of fertile and infertile men in southwest Nigeria, we identified a large number of samples with high levels of different types of antibiotics [ 11 , 12 ]. We speculated the possibility of these antibiotics being independently associated with male infertility of fertility after controlling for possible confounding variables.…”

Association Between Antibiotic Exposure and the Risk of Male Infertility: A Case–Control Study

“…The study was designed as a case–control study that compared urinary levels of antibiotics between men with low sperm count and poor-quality spermatozoa with men with normal sperm count and quality. This report was part of a study that investigated the effects of various environmental contaminants and toxins in association with male infertility in Nigerian men, the design and some of the findings of which have been reported elsewhere [ 11 , 12 ].…”

“…Urine samples were filtered and stored at −40 °C for later analysis, while semen samples were analysed immediately. Details of how the participants were characterised as fertile and infertile, recruitment, data collection, sample preparation, semen analysis, quality assurance, and hormone assay are published elsewhere [ 11 , 12 ].…”

“…There is no statistically significant difference in the characteristics of the respondents whose urine underwent biochemical analysis and those whose urine did not (N = 111), except in their religious affiliation [ 11 ]. The details of the analytical method have been reported elsewhere [ 11 , 12 ].…”

“…In our previous investigation and analysis of urinary samples of fertile and infertile men in southwest Nigeria, we identified a large number of samples with high levels of different types of antibiotics [ 11 , 12 ]. We speculated the possibility of these antibiotics being independently associated with male infertility of fertility after controlling for possible confounding variables.…”