Assessing the Risk Factors for Injuries to Maxillary Permanent Incisors and Soft Tissues Among School Children – A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Aim: The present study aimed to determine the risk factors related to permanent maxillary incisors and soft tissue injuries along with providing information about the age distribution of trauma, overjet, lip competence and physical activity. Methods and Materials: The sample consisted of 2100 school children aged 8–14 years from 15 schools in the Nellore district. The sample was selected adopting a stratified random sampling method and screened applying WHO criteria for the oral examination. The screening was done in classrooms to obtain demographic data, including name, age, gender and children's experience to the maxillary incisor and soft tissue injuries. The injuries were categorized according to Andreasen classification. Overjet and lip competences were recorded, and physical activity was assessed using a questionnaire (PAQ-C). Results: Of the 2100 children, 228 (10.8%) had suffered traumatic injuries. Boys were 1.6 fold more prone to trauma than girls. Enamel fractures were a common type of trauma, and the commonly involved were maxillary central incisors. The relative risk for trauma is 1.215 times higher in increased overjet when compared to normal overjet. Incompetent lips showed 1.189 times greater risk of trauma. The high physical activity showed 1.692 times higher risk for trauma when compared to low physical activity. Conclusion: The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries among 8-14 year children was 10.8%. Boys were more commonly injured than girls. Increased overjet incompetent lips and high physical activities are risk factors for trauma. Enamel fracture was the most common type, and maxillary central incisors were the most common teeth having traumatic injuries.

Influence of Physical Activity on the Occurrence of Traumatic Dental Injuries in Primary Dentition: A Cohort Study in Southern Brazil

“…In this study, PA did not show a direct association with the occurrence of TDIs, but rather showed a trend toward an increase in TDI prevalence as PA levels increased, suggesting a possible dose–response relationship. This is consistent with another study [24], wherein avulsions were the only type of TDI observed and the frequency of dental fractures increased proportionally with the number of hours spent in PA; however, the differences were not statistically significant.…”

“…Although the results did not show a direct association with the overall prevalence of TDIs among 4‐year‐old children in Pelotas, an association was observed between TDI type and severity. The frequency of TDIs was higher among boys, which is consistent with findings from other studies [2, 23, 24] and may be related to preferences and the intensity of the activities carried out by boys compared to girls. The association between sex and TDI has been attributed to more intense participation in sports, behaviors, activities outside the home, and fighting.…”

Influence of Physical Activity on the Occurrence of Traumatic Dental Injuries in Primary Dentition: A Cohort Study in Southern Brazil

“…In this study, PA did not show a direct association with the occurrence of TDIs, but rather showed a trend toward an increase in TDI prevalence as PA levels increased, suggesting a possible dose–response relationship. This is consistent with another study [24], wherein avulsions were the only type of TDI observed and the frequency of dental fractures increased proportionally with the number of hours spent in PA; however, the differences were not statistically significant.…”

“…Although the results did not show a direct association with the overall prevalence of TDIs among 4‐year‐old children in Pelotas, an association was observed between TDI type and severity. The frequency of TDIs was higher among boys, which is consistent with findings from other studies [2, 23, 24] and may be related to preferences and the intensity of the activities carried out by boys compared to girls. The association between sex and TDI has been attributed to more intense participation in sports, behaviors, activities outside the home, and fighting.…”

Comparison of Mean Upper Lip Length in Individuals with Competent Lips, Lips Apart and Incompetent Lips

“…All the studies described in the literature show the comparison of different dental, facial, and skeletal features with the incompetency of the lips. There was no study describing the difference in the upper lip length in the three groups of incompetent lips, also the comparison between male and female populations was not done in previous studies [16][17] . All of the above mentioned studies were from European and American countries, and Asian countries were not evaluated for incompetent lips.…”

Influence of Physical Activity on the Occurrence of Traumatic Dental Injuries in Primary Dentition: A Cohort Study in Southern Brazil

“…In this study, PA did not show a direct association with the occurrence of TDIs, but rather showed a trend toward an increase in TDI prevalence as PA levels increased, suggesting a possible dose–response relationship. This is consistent with another study [24], wherein avulsions were the only type of TDI observed and the frequency of dental fractures increased proportionally with the number of hours spent in PA; however, the differences were not statistically significant.…”

“…Although the results did not show a direct association with the overall prevalence of TDIs among 4‐year‐old children in Pelotas, an association was observed between TDI type and severity. The frequency of TDIs was higher among boys, which is consistent with findings from other studies [2, 23, 24] and may be related to preferences and the intensity of the activities carried out by boys compared to girls. The association between sex and TDI has been attributed to more intense participation in sports, behaviors, activities outside the home, and fighting.…”

Comparison of Mean Upper Lip Length in Individuals with Competent Lips, Lips Apart and Incompetent Lips

“…All the studies described in the literature show the comparison of different dental, facial, and skeletal features with the incompetency of the lips. There was no study describing the difference in the upper lip length in the three groups of incompetent lips, also the comparison between male and female populations was not done in previous studies [16][17] . All of the above mentioned studies were from European and American countries, and Asian countries were not evaluated for incompetent lips.…”

Influence of Physical Activity on the Occurrence of Traumatic Dental Injuries in Primary Dentition: A Cohort Study in Southern Brazil

“…In this study, PA did not show a direct association with the occurrence of TDIs, but rather showed a trend toward an increase in TDI prevalence as PA levels increased, suggesting a possible dose–response relationship. This is consistent with another study [24], wherein avulsions were the only type of TDI observed and the frequency of dental fractures increased proportionally with the number of hours spent in PA; however, the differences were not statistically significant.…”

“…Although the results did not show a direct association with the overall prevalence of TDIs among 4‐year‐old children in Pelotas, an association was observed between TDI type and severity. The frequency of TDIs was higher among boys, which is consistent with findings from other studies [2, 23, 24] and may be related to preferences and the intensity of the activities carried out by boys compared to girls. The association between sex and TDI has been attributed to more intense participation in sports, behaviors, activities outside the home, and fighting.…”

Comparison of Mean Upper Lip Length in Individuals with Competent Lips, Lips Apart and Incompetent Lips

“…All the studies described in the literature show the comparison of different dental, facial, and skeletal features with the incompetency of the lips. There was no study describing the difference in the upper lip length in the three groups of incompetent lips, also the comparison between male and female populations was not done in previous studies [16][17] . All of the above mentioned studies were from European and American countries, and Asian countries were not evaluated for incompetent lips.…”