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The European Commission has recognized nanotechnologies as extremely promising for increasing competitiveness of different sectors of the economy. On account of climate changes and the quest for food security, they are an effective way of solving key problems in the agrarian sector. Nowadays nanotechnologies are widely used for creating nanofertilizers, nanoinsecticides, nanofungicides, nanoherbicides and other nanopreparations. Numerous researches affirm advantages of nanopreparations, which has helped them find a wide use in agricultural practice. At the same time, nanopreparations are the source of entry into the environment of nanoparticles (size less than 100 nm) which are characterized by large active surface and specific physical-chemical properties different from ordinary chemical substances. It is precisely this which determines their bioaccessibility, bioaccumulation and toxicity. Recently, data about toxicity of nanoparticles for human and natural ecosystems have been accumulated. The results of a great deal of research affirm that they break the processes of photosynthesis, transpiration, mitosis, miosis and have a negative influence on colouring agents, proteins and carbohydrates. Under their action, physiological processes of plant growth and development are disturbed, which take place mainly in root system. Nanoparticles are characterized by high bioaccessibility for soil organisms, they are toxic to earthworms and microorganisms and they influence circulation of carbon and nitrogen. Aquatic organisms have been shown to have high sensitivity to nanoparticles; toxic effect has been registered for fish, daphnids, water plants and microorganisms. Taking into consideration the high level of potential danger of nanopreparations used in crop cultivation, special notice should be paid to the development of eco toxicological research. At present, nanoecotoxicological approaches to assessment of the danger of nanomaterials and nanoparticles are absent. Development of reports on elaboration of quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis, and methods of modeling and prognostication of risks is only at the initial stage. The objective of this review is attracting attention to solving the problem of nanoecotoxicology, nanoagrochemicals and nanopesticides, which needs consolidated efforts of scientists, governmental organizations and business and is an obligatory condition for preventing the negative impact of nanomaterials on humans and the environment.

Modern technologies of winter wheat growing need to be improved taking into account the results of ecological evaluation of their impact on soil fertility indices. We aimed to assess the technologies of winter wheat growing in different soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine by their influence on soil fertility. It is known that in order to estimate ecological safety of crop growing technologies, it is advisable to use a method based on identifying negative impacts on soil fertility. We propose the group of deviation values from the optimum as follows: (i) strong, which leads to an unsatisfactory ecological condition (> 50 %), (ii) average that provides a satisfactory state (> 25 %, but < 50 %), (iii) moderate, which provides a normal state (≤ 10 %, but < 25 %), (iv) absent, an optimal condition is provided (< 10 %).It is revealed that technologies of winter wheat growing in the conditions of Polissya, Forest-steppe and Steppe Zones of Ukraine can have a negative influence on potassium regime in soils, the influence by intensity can vary from moderate to strong. In Polissya and Forest-steppe, winter wheat growing can lead to deterioration of soil pH status. In Steppe, along with the potassium regime, the technologies can negatively influence soil nitrogen status and the effect may be characterized as strong. Pridelava ozimne pšenice v Ukrajini: ekološka ocena tehnologij glede na vplive na rodovitnost talIzvleček: Moderne tehnologije pridelave ozimne pšenice je potrebno izboljšati glede na ekološko ovrednotenje njihovega vpliva na indekse rodovitnosti tal. Namen raziskave je bil oceniti tehnologije pridelave ozimne pšenice na različnih tleh in klimatskih razmerah Ukrajine po njihovem vplivu na rodovitnost tal. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da je za oceno ekološke varnosti pridelave poljščin priporočljivo uporabiti metode, ki temeljijo na prepoznavanju negativnih učinkov na rodovitnost tal. Predlagamo naslednje skupine glede na odstopanja od optimalnega stanja: (i) močno odstopanje, ki vodi v nezadovoljive ekološke razmere (> 50 %), (ii) povprečno odstopanje, ki daje zadovoljivo stanje (> 25 %, a manj kot 50 %), (iii) zmerno odstopanje, ki daje normalno stanje (≤ 10 %, a manj kot 25 %), (iv) odstopanja ni, optimalno stanje (< 10 %).Ugotovljeno je bilo, da lahko imajo tehnologije pridelave ozimne pšenice v razmerah con polesja (Polissya), lesostepe (Forest-steppe) in stepe (Steppe) v Ukrajini negativni vpliv na režim kalija v tleh, jakost vpliva se spreminja od zmerne do močne. V polesju in lesostepi lahko pridelava ozimne pšenice vodi do poslapšanja pH tal. V stepi lahko tehnologije ob vplivu na režim kalija še močno negativno vplivajo na status dušika v tleh.Ključne besede: ekološko ovrednotenje; tehnologija pridelave; omejujoči dejavniki; rodovitnost tal