The diversity, population structure and regeneration status of woody species were studied at Xobe and Shorobe Villages in northern Botswana. A total of 130 and 111 quadrats of 20 × 20 m size were laid down at 50 m intervals along parallel line transects at Xobe and Shorobe, respectively. A total of 46 woody species, 27 from Xobe and 41 from Shorobe were recorded. Of the 46 woody species, only 22 were recorded at both sites. Ten genera and six families were found only in Shorobe while one genus and one family were found only in Xobe. The diversity and evenness of woody species were 1.5 and 0.5 in Xobe, respectively, and 2.18 and 0.6 in Shorobe, respectively. The similarities of woody species in terms of richness of species, genera and families at the two sites were about 50%, 54% and 56%, respectively. The mean densities of woody species were 2745.7 ± 1.35 and 4269.7 ± 36 individuals ha −1 at Xobe and Shorobe, respectively. Despite differences in absolute numbers, the total mean densities of woody species at both sites did not exhibit significant (P = 0.35) differences. At both sites, woody species were dominated by individuals of only a few species, which also exhibited the highest values of important value index. The population structure patterns of the woody species were categorized into five groups. The species in the first group exhibited reverse J-shaped distribution, which indicates stable population structures. The species in the second group showed relatively good recruitment but the regeneration is negatively affected. The species in the other three groups exhibited hampered regeneration as a result of disturbances caused by humans, domestic animals and annual fires. The parameters assessed indicate the need for attention and appropriate management interventions by the relevant national authorities at various levels.

The annual flood pulse in the Okavango Delta (Botswana), has a major influence on water chemistry and habitat. We explore spatial and temporal patterns in a suite of chemical variables, analysed from 98 sample points, across four regions, taken at different stages of the flood cycle. The major pattern in water chemistry is characterised by an increasing gradient in ionic concentration from deepwater sites in the Panhandle to more shallow, distal regions to the south. Concentrations of cations, anions, dissolved organic carbon, and SiO 2 are significantly higher in the seasonally inundated floodplains than in permanently flooded regions. Several variables (including Na and total nitrogen) significantly increase from low flood to high flood, while others (including HCO 3 , SiO 2 , and Cl) increase in concentration, initially between low flood and flood expansion, before declining at maximum flood extent. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that hydrological variables (water depth, flow velocity, flood frequency, and hydroperiod class) significantly explain 17% variation in surface water chemistry. Predictions of increasing flood volume in the near future may result in a decline in alkalinity and dilution of DOC. Our study provides an important baseline from which to monitor future change in the Delta.

Stand structure, diversity and regeneration status of woody species were investigated in open and exclosed dry woodland sites in Island Safari, Shorobe and Xobe, northeastern Botswana. A total of 105, 111 and 130 quadrats, measuring 20 × 20 m each, were laid down along parallel line transects in the three sites, respectively, to collect data. A total of 47 species, representing 16 families and 24 genera, were recorded in the study sites. Of these, 33 species representing 13 families and 20 genera, 41 species representing 15 families and 23 genera and 27 species representing 10 families and 14 genera were encountered in Island Safari, Shorobe and Xobe, respectively. The most diverse family was Fabaceae followed by Combretaceae and Tiliaceae at all the three sites. The most diverse genus was Acacia, followed by Combretum and Grewia. The diversity of woody species in the study sites were 2.18, 2.15 and 1. sii and A. luederitzii in Xobe. The alarming result was the fact that 71%, 80% and 85% of the woody species recorded in Island Safari, Shorobe and Xobe, respectively, exhibited hampered regeneration and, thus, unhealthy population structures. Therefore, there is an urgent need to address the observed unhealthy population structures of the woody species through investigation of the major causes of their hampered regeneration, and also designing measures that will facilitate natural and artificial regeneration of these species at the three study sites.

Despite a history of pesticide usage, few data exist on their concentrations in air and soil of Southern Africa. To add to the understanding of the processes controlling the fate of organic contaminants in arid regions, the levels, spatial trends, and seasonal variability of pesticides were studied in air and soil from Botswana. XAD resin-based passive air samplers (PAS) were deployed at 15 sites across the country from May 2006 to May 2007. Soil samples were collected from the vicinity of nine of the PAS sampling sites. In addition, 27 24-h high-volume air samples were collected in Maun, at the southeastern edge of the Okavango Delta, every two weeks for one year. Levels of pesticides in PAS were low, with α-endosulfan and lindane being most abundant. Concentrations in soils were extremely low and only soils with high organic carbon contained notable amounts of dieldrin and traces of other pesticides. In particular, air and soil from the Okavango Delta had very low levels even though the area had repeatedly been sprayed with DDT and endosulfan in the past. Air samples from Eastern Botswana, where the majority of the population lives, contained higher levels. Higher air concentrations of α-endosulfan occurred during summer and higher HCB levels occurred in winter. This seasonality was related with neither minor seasonal changes in temperature nor hydrological seasonal events such as the rainy season or the flooding of the Okavango Delta. Thus, the observed spatial and seasonal patterns are more likely related to pesticide usage pattern than to environmental factors or historical use. High temperature and low organic matter content limit the uptake capacity of most subtropical soils for pesticides. No evidence was found that sorption to dry mineral matter plays a major role. Arid soils in subtropical regions are therefore neither a major reservoir of organic contaminants nor do they constitute a significant long-term source of pesticides to the atmosphere.

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This study examines the effect of closed area on woody species regeneration by comparing the woody species regeneration among closure, open woodland, and degraded land areas in Loma Bosa district, Dawuro zone in southern Ethiopia. Results show that Simpson's Diversity Index was 7.24 for woody species in closed area, 6.01 in open woodland and 3.40 in open degraded land area. Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index(H') was 2.26 for woody species in closed area, 2.38 in open woodland area and 1.56 in open degraded land area. The results of Sorenson's similarity coe cients indicates woody species composition in closed area are highly correlated with open woodland areas. Wood species density were 2,225 ha-1 , 1,642 ha-1 , and 297 ha-1 for closed area, open woodland area, and open degraded land area, respectively. The results indicate that closed area development enhanced species composition, richness, diversity, woody vegetation regeneration, inverted J shape Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and height class and higher woody species density and crown cover class percentage compared to open degraded area. Overall results from this study indicated that area closure is important for improvement of woody species regeneration in the study area. 1. Introduction Land degradation, a process of diminishing the productive potentials of land resources, is one of the serious environmental problems at the global scale (Le et al., 2016; Nkonya et al., 2016). It has been increasing in severity and extent in many parts of the world. For instance, in 2008, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reported that more than 20% of all cultivated areas, 30% of forests, and 10% of grasslands undergoing degradation in the world. A recent study by Le et al. (2016) reported that about 29% of the global land area covered by the degraded land, which are affecting about 3.2 billion people who are especially rural communities, smallholder farmers, and the very poor in the developing regions of the world. Land degradation mainly triggered by population pressure, expansion of agricultural land, deforestation, and over-exploitation of the natural resources (Mganga et al., 2015; Yirdaw et al., 2017, Manaye et al., 2019). It is one of the major drivers of declining agricultural productivity, increasing food insecurity, rural poverty, and deterioration of ecological functions in the world (Gashaw et al., 2018). Thus, combating of land degradation though rehabilitation and ecological restoration is important to ensure the long-term productivity of the land resources and survival of life on the earth (Asmare & Gure, 2019; Manaye et al., 2019). Successful land rehabilitation and ecological restoration activities enhances improved land productivity, food security, livelihoods, biodiversity, ecological balance, and other ecosystem services and functions (Mureithi et al., 2014; Reside et al., 2017; Mekuria et al., 2017). Closuring degraded area from human and livestock interference is one of the successful rehabilitation activities to combat land degr...

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