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Background: Phenol compounds and flavonoids are known have antioxidant activity. Sterculia genus has secondary metabolite rich of phenols and flavonoids. Objective: The aim of this study of the activity antioxidants of Sterculia stipulata Korth. Woods and leaves by FRAP method. Materials and methods: Extraction done using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The methanol extract was determined antioxidant activity using the FRAP method and also determined the total phenols content, total flavonoids, and phytochemical screening. Results: The antioxidant activity of wood extract was 4.74 ± 1.03 FeEAC (mol/g) while leaves extract 41.17 ± 1.99 FeEAC (mol/g). Total phenols content for wood extract 16.46 ± 3.51 mg GAE/g, for leaves extract 141.62 ± 10.54 mg GAE/g. The total flavonoids content for woods extract was 27.99 ± 0.62 mg QE/g for leaf extract 41.45 ± 5.83 mg QE/g. The compounds of woods and leaves are the same; it is consist of terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and negatives for anthraquinone. Conclusion: The antioxidant activity of the leaves of Sterculia stipulata Korth. is greater than its wood activities.

ABSTRAKDaun Sirsak (Annona muricata Linn), Annonaceae telah diketahui memiliki kemampuan meredam radikal bebas yang kuat dan bisa dikembangkan menjadi sediaan farmasi antioksidan. Pembentukan nanopartikel dari ekstrak akan meningkatkan stabilitas, kemampuan mukoadhesif dan penetrasi ekstrak sehingga dapat meningkatkan efektifitasnya. Pembuatan nanopartikel dilakukan dengan melarutkan kitosan dalam larutan asam asetat glasial 1%, dan dicampurkan dengan infus daun sirsak. Suspensi nanopartikel ekstrak daun sirsak dikeringkan dengan menggunakan alat pengering semprot. Hasil evaluasi nanopartikel ekstrak diperoleh ukuran partikel 131,23 ± 1,81%, indeks polidispersitas 0,3 -0,4; padatan total 0,47 %, warna coklat muda, bau khas ekstrak, rasa pahit, sifat serbuk halus, higroskopis, kadar air 6.86 ± 0,88%. Pemeriksaan aktivitas antioksidan pada nanopartikel ekstrak daun sirsak dengan menggunakan metode peredaman radikal bebas DPPH menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan kuat dengan nilai 1C50 sebesar 80,98 bpj.Kata kunci : daun sirsak, Annona muricata Linn., DPPH, antioksidan, nanopartikel, kitosan PENDAHULUANBerbagai penyakit degeneratif seperti diabetes, kanker, inflamasi jaringan, kelainan imunitas, infark jantung dan penuaan dini disebabkan tingginya kadar radikal bebas dalam tubuh. Radikal bebas yang merusak tubuh ini dapat dinetralisir oleh senyawa antioksidan. Antioksidan merupakan senyawa yang dapat menghambat oksigen reaktif dan radikal bebas dalam tubuh. Senyawa antioksidan ini akan menyerahkan satu atau lebih elektron kepada radikal bebas sehingga menjadi bentuk molekul yang normal kembali dan menghentikan berbagai kerusakan yang ditimbulkan. Dalam studi laboratorium, kehadiran antioksidan eksogen telah terbukti untuk mencegah kerusakan radikal bebas yang telah dikaitkan dengan perkembangan kanker.Tujuan pembuatan nanopartikel adalah sebagai pembawa (carrrier) agar zat berkhasiat dari ekstrak masuk ke dalam sistem peredaran darah tanpa kehilangan material aktif selama proses penghantaran untuk selanjutnya dibawa oleh darah menuju target pengobatan. Nanopartikel mempunyai ukuran di bawah 1 mikrometer sehingga dikenal dapat masuk kedalam sel dan memberikan aktivitas dan menunjukkan reprodisibilitas terapi yang baik. Selain itu, permukaan nanopartikel dapat dimodifikasi untuk sistem penargetan terhadap sel dan organ tertentu sehingga dapat menurunkan dosis dan toksisitasnya. Nanopartikel dpat tinggal di saluran cerna dalam waktu yang cukup lama sehingga dapat meningkatkan

Elastase is a proteinase enzyme that can reduce elastin by dividing specific peptide bonds. Therefore, the inhibition of elastase activity in the dermis layer can be used to maintain skin elasticity. Materials that can inhibit elastase activity can be a cosmetic ingredient in dealing with skin aging. Increased desire to maintain healthy skin without chemicals, encourages the use of materials from natural sources such as plants from Indonesia, a country that has high biodiversity, including Garcinia latissima Miq. from the Clusiaceae family. The purpose of this study was to explore and sought an explanation as to why G. latissima Miq. inhibits elastase enzyme. Plant extraction was carried out using maceration successively methods. The inhibition activity of elastase enzyme was carried out by measuring the kinetic enzyme N-succ-(Ala)-3-Nitroanilide conversion to p-nitroaniline (substrate) spectrophotometry at 405 nm and using porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) as an enzyme. The results showed that the G. latissima Miq. methanol extract and ethyl acetate extract were active as elastase enzyme inhibitors. G. latissima Miq. extract can maintain skin elasticity.

Rubus fraxinifolius can be founded in the mountainous regions of West Java. Previous studies have shown that this plant has potent antioxidant activity. The content of polyphenol compounds in this species contributes substantially to antioxidant activity, and the extraction method will aff ect the content of the compound. In this study, an evaluation of the extraction method eff ect on leaves, young fruits, and stems of R. fraxinifolius on the content of polyphenols and their antioxidant activity, have been done. The leaves, fruits, and stems of R. fraxinifolius were extracted by maceration, refl ux, and Soxhlet using methanol as a solvent. Each extract was determined the total polyphenol content using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and antioxidant activity test using DPPH reduction method. The highest extract yield was R. fraxinifolius leaf refl ux extract (30.20%). The highest total polyphenol content was given by the Soxhlet extract of leaf R. fraxinifolius (48.79 mg GAE/g extract). The highest antioxidant activity was leaf Soxhlet extract of R. fraxinifolius (98.29% at 100 ppm). From this study it was shown that the methanol extract of R. fraxinifolius leaves extracted by soxhlet gave the highest polyphenol content and antioxidant activity.Abstrak: Tanaman Rubus fraxinifolius dapat ditemukan di daerah pegunungan Jawa Barat. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa tanaman ini memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang sangat kuat. Kandungan senyawa polifenol pada tanaman berkontribusi secara substansial terhadap aktivitas antioksidan dan metode ekstraksi akan mempengaruhi kandungan senyawa yang tersari. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan evaluasi pengaruh metode ekstraksi organ daun, buah muda, dan batang R. fraxinifolius terhadap kandungan polifenol serta aktivitas antioksidannya. Bagian daun, buah, dan batang R. fraxinifolius diekstraksi cair padat secara maserasi, refl uks, dan Soxhlet menggunakan pelarut metanol. Terhadap masing-masing ekstrak dilakukan penetapan kadar polifenol total dengan pereaksi Folin-Ciocalteu serta uji aktivitas antioksidan dengan metode peredaman DPPH. Rendemen ekstrak terbanyak adalah ekstrak refl uks daun R. fraxinifolius sebesar 30,20%. Kandungan polifenol total tertinggi adalah pada ekstrak Soxhlet daun R. fraxinifolius sebesar 48,79 mg GAE/g ekstrak. Aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi yaitu ekstrak Soxhlet daun R. fraxinifolius sebesar 98,29% pada 100 bpj. Dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa ekstrak metanol daun R. fraxinifolius yang diekstraksi secara Soxhlet memiliki kandungan polifenol serta aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi.Kata kunci: Rubus fraxinifolius, metode ekstraksi, rendemen, polifenolat, antioksidan.

The RFS extract solution and pancreatic elastase (PPE) were mixed in Trizma®-HCl buffer (pH 8.0), then pre-incubated at 25 o C for 5 min. Substrate N-Succinyl-Ala-Ala-Ala-p-nitroanilide (SANA) was added to the mixture and incubated at 25 o C for 20 min in 96-well microplate (Nunc). The optical density due to the formation of p-nitroaniline was ABSTRACT Introduction: Some Rubus were reported had anti-skin aging activity. Rubus fraxinifolius was one of Rubus genus which lives in Indonesian highland. Objective: This study was to examine elastase, tyrosinase, and oxidant inhibitory activity of R. fraxinifolius stem (RFS) extract. Methods: Extraction was done by a Soxhlet apparatus using methanol as solvent. Elastase inhibition activity was determined, which based on the formation of p-nitroaniline. Tyrosinase inhibition activity evaluated based on inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase by the sample with L-DOPA as substrate. The activity of antioxidant was determined using the DPPH radical scavenger method. LC-MS was used for prediction of naturally occurring phytochemicals. Results: The RFS extract yield was 9.03 %. The RFS extract revealed inhibition activity against elastase and tyrosinase with IC 50 128.85 ppm, and 155.19 ppm, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity gave IC 50 63.04 ppm. Total phenolic content of the extract was 387.99+3.21 mg GAE/g extract. The LC-MS analysis showed the presence of at least 13 different organic compounds in RFS extract, which might contribute to the bioactivity. Conclusion: Therefore, this experiment further proved that RFS extract might be useful as a natural product ingredient of anti-photoaging skincare products because of its ability to inhibit elastase, tyrosinase, and as an antioxidant.

Objective:The leaves of Lantana camara L., Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. and Cosmos caudatus Kunth. are rich in flavonoids, saponins and essential oils. This study was carried out to determine the antiplatelet effect of the three plant extracts on ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Methods: The samples consisted of clopidogrel as positive control, aquadest as negative control and test extracts with concentrations of 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/ml. Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) was added for each extract concentration. The absorbance test of the samples was measured at 600 nm, before and after the addition of 20 μL adenosine diphosphate (ADP) 5 mM. After ADP added, then measured again the plasma absorbance was measured of the same wavelength. Antiplatelet aggregation activity was determined by calculating plasma absorbance before and after addition of ADP. Results: The results showed that the inhibitory percentage of platelet aggregation with extract concentrations of 100, 80, 60 and 40 mg/ml were Lantana camara L. leaf extract (91.17%; 73.27%; 72.86% and 37.15%), Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. leaf extract (74.55%; 65.60%; 48.00% dan 39.08%) and Cosmos caudatus Kunth. Leaf extract (59.17%; 52.56%; 14.25% dan 13.82%), respectively. The test extracts inhibited in vitro ADP-induced platelet aggregation with IC 50 value were as follows: 47.09 mg/ml (Lantana camara L), 59.02 mg/ml (Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.) and 87.26 mg/ml (Cosmos caudatus Kunth.) Conclusion: The present work demonstrated that the three extracts could inhibit in-vitro ADP-induced platelet aggregation and the best potency was shown by Lantana camara L leaf extract.

Numerous therapeutic compounds have been isolated from naturally abundant organic resources, which may offer economical and sustainable sources of compounds with safe and efficacious biological activities. In the cosmetics industry, natural compounds with anti-aging activities are eagerly sought. Thus, we prepared various extracts from Rubus fraxinifolius leaves and used enzyme inhibition assays to isolate compounds with protective effects against skin aging. Two triterpenoids were isolated from Rubus fraxinifolius Poir. leaves. The structures were characterized by spectroscopic analyses (LC-ESI-MS, 1D/2D NMR) and comparison to reported data. Compound 1 and 2 were determined as 2,3-O-ethyleneglycol, 19-hydroxyurs-12-en-23,28-dioic acid and 2,3-O-propanediol,19-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid. Methanol extract and isolates were assessed for their inhibitory effects on elastase and tyrosinase. Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited elastase with IC50 122.199 µg/mL and 98.22 µg/mL, and also inhibited tyrosinase with IC50 207.79 µg/mL and 221.51 µg/mL, respectively. The molecular docking proved that both compounds have affinities toward the enzymes.