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In this study, to investigate the extraction of triterpenoids from the Vietnamese red G. lucidum by ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) method using ethanol as a solvent, the determination of the four single factors influence on the triterpenoid content including liquid‐to‐solid ratio, extraction power, extraction temperature, and extraction time was carried out for the performance of experiments on simultaneous effects by Central Composite design. The results showed that based on ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy analysis, the highest yield of triterpenoids could be achieved with value of 18.3751 mg/g under optimal extraction conditions including extraction time of 60 min, ultrasonic power of 360 W, liquid‐to‐solid ratio of 38 : 1 mL/g, and ultrasonic temperature of 48 °C. To determine the characteristics of the obtained extract, the Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, the Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and the thermogravimetric analyzer were employed in this study. Besides, for antioxidant capacity evaluation, the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, H2O2 scavenging assay, and the ABTS radical cation decolorization assay were carried out whereas the anticancer evaluation results denoted the potential for anticancer agents of G. lucidum extract. Therefore, it could be concluded that UAE is a promising method for triterpenoid extraction with antioxidant properties.

In the current paper, secondary metabolites separated from Tupistra plants have been reviewed. Approximately 200 phytochemicals, classified in various chemical classes of bioactive compounds, have been compiled, along with their sources and references. The most striking feature is that the most frequently isolated compounds have been spirostanol sapogenins, and spirostanol and furostanol saponins, most of which are new in nature. The application of both Tupistra plant extracts and isolated compounds in biological assays is also one of the crucial aims in pharmacological discoveries. Tupistra constituents have demonstrated valuable properties in the field of pharmacology, such as antioxidative, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and antihepatic activities, but their cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory actions can be considered as the more remarkable. In vivo cancer-related activities of the tested Tupistra samples were mostly based on apoptosis. Further phytochemical investigations, together with extensive assessments of the biological profiles and mechanism of action studies of the components of Tupistra species are to be expected.

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Background: Centipeda minima (the family Asteraceae) is an annual herbaceous plant native to the tropical regions, especially in eastern tropical Asia. C. minima is well-known in the list of medicinal plants with capacities in treatment of whooping cough, nasal allergy, malaria, and asthma. More than sixty reports on phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of this plant are now available, but a supportive review is insufficient. Objective: The current review aims to make a compilation of almost of isolated compounds from the title plant together with their pharmacological activities. Methodology: Centipeda minima is the meaningful keyword to search for previous references, while the reliable databases such as Sci-Finder, Google Scholar, Pub Med, Science Direct, the Web of Science, Scopus, Bentham science, Taylor Francis, Springer, IOP Science have been utilized at most. Conclusion: More than one hundred secondary metabolites, classifying as terpenoids, flavonoids, mono-phenols, fatty acids, amides, and other types, were isolated from this plant. Among them, sesquiterpene lactones are dominant in either C. minima species or numerous plants of genus Centipeda. These phytochemical groups also possessed various biological results like anti-cancer, anti-bacteria, anti-allergy, antivirus, anti-inflammation, hepatoprotective activities. With many kinds of bioactive results such as anti-cancer, antiinflammation, the use of C. minima plant extracts and isolated compounds for drug development seems to be a futuristic strategy.

Utilization of plant resources for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections is one of the appealing approaches as rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains is occurring throughout the world. Ethanol extract and its fractions from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis red flower were assessed for antibacterial and urease inhibitory activities towards forty-three clinical strains and two reference strains of H. pylori. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the most potent bacteriostatic activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.2-0.25 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of 1.25-1.5 mg/mL against all test strains, including forty-three strains resistant to one to four antibiotics, azithromycin (MICs, 8-256 mg/mL), erythromycin (MICs, 8-128 mg/mL), levofloxacin (MICs, 8-256 mg/mL), and/or metronidazole (MICs, 8-256 mg/mL). The fraction had similar antibacterial activities toward these test strains suggesting the preparation and the antibiotics do not have a common mechanism of anti-H. pylori activity. The fraction also had stronger effects on biofilm formation, morphological conversion, and urease activity of H. pylori than the other fractions and the ethanol extract. These flower preparations were non-toxic to three human cell lines, and nine compounds were also isolated and identified from the ethyl acetate fraction. In vivo research needs to be conducted to confirm the potential usefulness of H. rosa-sinensis flower and its constituents for effective prevention and treatment of H. pylori disease.

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