The aim of the present work was to better understand the molecular mechanisms of heat acclimation processes in cereals. A large number of winter and spring wheat, barley and oat varieties were grown under either control conditions (22/20°C) or under a mild heat stress (30°C) that induce the acclimation processes. The temperature dependence of chlorophyll a fluorescence induction and gas exchange parameters showed that heat acclimation increased the thermotolerance of the photosynthetic apparatus, but these changes did not differ sharply in the winter–spring type cereals. Similarly, to wheat, elevated temperature also led to increasing transpiration rate and reduced water use efficiency in barley and oat plants. A non‐targeted metabolomic analysis focusing on polar metabolites in two selected barley (winter type Mv Initium and spring type Conchita) and in two oat varieties (winter type Mv Hópehely and spring type Mv Pehely) revealed substantial differences between both the two species and between the acclimated and non‐acclimated plants. Several compounds, including sugars, organic acids, amino acids and alcohols could be separated and detected. The expression level of the CYP707, HSP90, galactinol synthase, raffinose synthase and α‐galactosidase genes showed genotype‐dependent changes after 1 day; however, the CYP707 was the only one, which was still upregulated in at least some of the genotypes. Results suggest that heat acclimation itself does not require general induction of primary metabolites. However, induction of specific routes, e.g. the induction of the raffinose family oligosaccharides, especially the synthesis of galactinol, may also contribute the improved heat tolerance in cereals.
This work is a continuation of research on Diaporthe genus isolates obtained in 2010−2012 from fruit trees in Poland, which on the basis of previously conducted molecular tests, have been identified as one species belonging to the Diaporthe eres species complex. The aim of this study was to determine the morphology and pathogenic abilities of tested Diaporthe eres isolates. The experiment included cross tests, in which the shoots of apple, pear, cherry and plum trees were inoculated with each of the 4 isolates derived from each mentioned host plants. As a result of experiment, the pathogenic nature of D. eres in relation to the shoots of fruit trees, was confirmed. The isolates were also characterized on the basis of the colony appearance and spore dimensions. Morphological features of studied D. eres cultures were very similar, regardless of the isolate and the host plant, from which they were obtained. All tested isolates formed alpha and beta conidia having the same range size.
A b s t r a c tThe aim of the study was mycological examination of ulcerated corneal tissues from an ophthalmic patient. Tissue fragments were analyzed on potato-glucose agar (PDA) and maltose (MA) (Difco) media using standard laboratory techniques. Cultures were identified using classical and molecular methods. Macro-and microscopic colony morphology was characteristic of fungi from the genus Aspergillus (restricted growth series), most probably Aspergillus penicillioides Speg. Molecular analysis of the following rDNA regions: ITS1, ITS2, 5.8S, 28S rDNA, LSU and β-tubulin were carried out for the isolates studied. A high level of similarity was found between sequences from certain rDNA regions, i.e. ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and LSU, what confirmed the classification of the isolates to the species A. penicillioides. The classification of our isolates to A. penicillioides species was confirmed also by the phylogenetic analysis. K e y w o r d s: Aspergillus penicillioides, morphology, genetic characteristic, cornea Machowicz-Matejko E. et al.
S u m m a r y P. exigua var. exigua was isolated from underground and aboveground organs of different herb plant species in the years 1998-2006. Pathogenicity tests of three randomly chosen isolates of the fungus T 299, T 261 and T 277 for thyme and of three isolates M 1657, M 1193 and M 1635 for lemon balm were carried out. The effect of water suspension of fungus spores on the germination ability of schizocarps and of infected soil on sprouting and seedling health was studied. The study of microscopic structures of the fungus developing on plants, isolation of the fungus on artifi cial media and macro-and microscopic analysis on standard media are essential for the correct identifi cation of P. exigua var. exigua. The polyphagous nature of the fungus is confi rmed by the obtained results. The tested isolates were found to be occasional pathogens of thyme and lemon balm in the studied conditions. The harmfulness of the tested isolates pointed to inhibition of schizocarp germination, sprouting of plants and the ability to cause necrosis of germs, roots and epicotyl.
A b s t r a c tThe aim of present work was to determine pathogenicity of three Colletotrichum dematium isolates to caraway. The effect of post-culture liquids and water suspension of conidia on germination of caraway schizocarps was studied in laboratory conditions. The effect of C. dematium on shooting up and healthiness of the seedlings was carried out in the climatic chamber using the method with infested soil and solidified plaster of culture medium overgrown by the mycelium of the pathogen. The studied isolates of fungus made the germination of parts of tested schizocarps impossible. On the other hand, all isolates caused necrosis of germs and roots of the other germinated schizocarps. The method with Colletotrichum dematium post-culture liquids was recognized as the best to a fast estimation of pathogenicity of fungus to caraway. Based on the positive results of pathogenicity tests the studied isolates of C. dematium were recognized as pathogenic to caraway. Considering this fact and repeated frequency of isolation of the fungus from various organs of this plant (M a c h o w i c z -S t e f a n i a k , 2010), C. dematium was recognized as a potentially pathogenic species to caraway.
The method of stippling of a preparation onto fungal colonies is a quick and reliable method to test many pharmacological substances. One percent, 2%, and 5% povidone iodine in culture medium is fungicidal for Colletotrichum spp. One percent fluconazole in culture medium is fungistatic for Colletotrichum spp. C. coccodes reveals the highest degree of insusceptibility to antimycotic treatment.
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the influence of temperature and fungi colonizing fruit plants on Diaporthe, a pathogenic fungus in Poland. The biotic series method was used to test in vitro the effects of the fungi colonizing fruit trees on isolates of Diaporthe. Among the 13 fungal species tested, six inhibited the growth and development of Diaporthe; while another two species were neutral and the rest showed the lack of limiting impact in relation to the pathogen. Fungi present in the shoots of fruit plants was able to limit the growth and development of Diaporthe spp., both in chemically-protected and non-protected orchards. Studies on the effect of temperature indicated that the optimum temperature for vegetative growth of isolates of Diaporthe ranged from 20°C to 30°C, and for conidial sporulation from 25°C to 30°C. However, the ability of Diaporthe sp. to survive at extreme temperature (–20°C and +35°C) enables their vegetative growth in climatic conditions worldwide.
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