Nahdi MS, Kurniawan AP. 2019. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in karst environment in Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 11: 133-141. The use of traditional medicinal plants has been a culture of the people in Yogyakarta including in Gunung Kidul District. This research aims to reveal information on medicinal plants in karst environment in Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia by focusing on how medicinal plants are used, managed and inherited by the community. The research was conducted in Planjan Village and Giricahyo Village in Gunung Kidul District from June to September 2018. The method used in collecting data was exploratory survey and Participatory Rural Appraisal. Data of community knowledge and uses of medicinal plants were obtained through in-depth interview and structured interview. The identification of species was applied to every plant used. The study found that there are 46 species from 26 families used by the people in the two villages for medical treatments with the largest number of species is from Zingiberaceae family, followed by Fabaceae and Rutaceae. The medicinal plants are mostly packaged into six herbal medicinal plants called jamu beras kencur, kunir asem, paitan, kebyokan (uyup uyup), sirih and temu lawak with different compositions and efficacies. The result showed that people's knowledge about medicinal plants is obtained from elders who have a long experience in making concoction and trading the medicinal plants as traditional herbal medicine. In addition, the people are also obtained additional knowledge from any sources to make the medical plants to have economic value to improve their welfare. Most of the medicinal plants are obtained from the outside of the villages since it is impossible to cultivate in karst soils. Thus, the study is expected to help develop the local potential of medicinal plants to become more modern, can support the conservation of local wisdom and plant biodiversity, as well as be used as a source of material for developing national database on medicinal plant and its usage.

Abstract. Nahdi MS, Kurniawan AP. 2019. The diversity and ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the southern slope of Mount Merapi, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2279-2287. Medicinal plants have been widely used by local communities in Indonesia due to its effectiveness as medicine and its low cost. In addition, the scientific and technological development of medicinal plants has been developed rapidly. This research aims to conduct inventory of medicinal plants recorded in the ecosystem of the southern slope of Mount Merapi, Yogyakarta and to reveal the local knowledge on their uses and traditional healing method applied. We used a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The data of local knowledge on medicinal plants and traditional medical practices when using them were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interview with local informants selected through purposive and snowball sampling. The results showed that the abundance of medicinal plant species at the study area was very high during the rainy season, while during the dry season, some of the plant species were found in the yard and open land. A total of 82 species from 40 families were identified as medicinal plants and used by the community through various processing and for various medical treatments. The information was inherited from previous generations through counseling and training. The most favorable way to use medicinal plants was by consuming the leaf directly. Among all identified medicinal plants, betel leaves (Piper betle L) had the highest importance value (43.6%), followed by turmeric (Curcuma longa L) (38.5%), and soursop (Annona muricata L) (33.3%). Kelor (Moringa pterygosperma, Gaertn) had the most significant usage value (0,6), followed by lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf) and ginger (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) with the same value (0.3). The medicinal plants had also co-benefits including to encourage communication as well as to building relationship among community members.

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An epiphytic orchid is one type of orchid that has the characteristics of habitat attached to the host tree. Mount Gede Pangrango, especially in the Cibereum waterfall, Selabintana, is a tropical forest area with many large host trees with a lush canopy, causing the epiphytic orchid species to form be abundant in the area. This study aims to determine the type and characteristics of the host tree used as a habitat for epiphytic orchids in the Cibereum waterfall path. The research method is to make ten plots on the right and left sides of the path, with each plot measuring 500x5 m and the distance between plots is 100 m. The results showed that on the Cibereum waterfall path, 33 species of host trees were found, consisting of 20 families. At the same time, the types of orchids found were 31 species from 12 genera. Almost all of the orchid hosts are trees, except for Brassaiopsis glomerulata are shrubs and Cyathea sp are poles. The characteristics of host trees as habitat for epiphytic orchids are: 4-51 m tall, trunk diameter 7-89 cm, canopy width 0-20 m, bark thickness 0-1.2 cm, bark texture rough to medium, generally colored brown, has no sap except for Ficus variegata, the surface of the trunk contains moss, and the epiphytic orchid growth zone on the host tree is mostly found in zones III and IV.

Arthropods have essential roles in the forest ecosystem; they act as herbivores, carnivores and detritivores in the food webs. This study aimed to analyze the diversity and abundance of arthropods inhabiting peat soil both in monoculture and polyculture plantation of balangeran (Shorea balangeran). The research was conducted in Riding Village, Ogan Komering Ilir District, South Sumatra, through an observation approach with pitfall trap and sweep nets, followed by selection and morphological identification. The identified arthropods were from 10 orders, and 24 families with the highest number of individuals belonged to the Formicidae family. The arthropods were classified mostly as predators (43.64%), closely followed by phytophag (38.18%), and the rest were parasitoid (14.54%) and pollinator (3.64%). The diversity index of arthropods under balangeran plants mixed with paddy and mixed with cajuput were 0.78, 0.65, and 0.93, respectively. The highest abundance of arthropods was found on balangeran plants mixed with paddy crop. These results revealed that planting systems have significant effects on diversity and abundance of peat soil arthropods.

Indonesia is a tropical country that has natural resources that are rich in biodiversity. One of these biodiversity is mushrooms. Mushrooms generally occupy various types of habitats, namely soil, wood, litter, animal waste and some grow on rotting mushrooms.. This study aims to study the diversity of Microscopic Fungi in the Cibereum Curug Route,Selabintana Resort, Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java. The research method used in this study is VES (Visual Encounter Survey) by combining transects following the Cibereum waterfall path, and taking the right and left areas of 1 meter. Data analysis was performed by qualitative descriptive analysis and quantitative descriptive analysis. The results of the research on the Curug Cibereum Resort Selabintana route, Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park (TNGGP) West Java, found as many as 30 species of basidiomycota mushrooms and 3 species from the ascomycota division. The most common species found in the study area were Coprinellus disseminatus (336 Number of individuals/4000 m2), Stereum sp (153 Number of individual/ 4000 m2), Mycena roseignicola (145 individual pieces/4000 m2), and Favolaschia pustulosa (138 Number of individual / 4000 m2). The diversity index of basidiomycota fungi in the Curug Cibereum route is in the medium category, namely H'= 1.004.

Karimunjawa National Park provides substantial reef fish resources, leading to higher market demand for reef fish production. This study aims to determine the diversity of reef fish, particularly in regions where fishing boats dock, specifically in Legon Bajak Port, Kemujan Island, Karimunjawa National Park, Jepara, Central Java. The findings of this investigation should enrich previous studies. The study was conducted on the right and left sides of the Legon Bajak Port. The visual count of belt transects was used to obtain data on reef fish. The study results obtained the number of reef fish at the Legon Bajak Port was 2769 individuals/500 m2 on the right and 1809 individuals/500 m2 on the left side, representing 40 species, 26 genera, and 13 families. Istigobius rigilius had the largest density of individuals, with 233 individuals/500 m2. The fish diversity index (H') value on the right side of the Legon Bajak Port was 3.24, which includes the high category, and on the left side was 2.89, which includes the medium category. The dominance index (D) was between 0.05 and 0.06 (low), while the uniformity index (E) was between 0.74 and 0.83 (unstable in a stable community).

Research on the biodiversity of Ikhthiofauna in coral reef ecosystems in Karimunjawa National Park was carried out in March 2021. This study aimed to study the species of reef fish found in the National Park Karimunjawan, to study the dominant reef fish species, the level of diversity, and the factors that influence reef fish biodiversity in Karimunjawa National Park. Data collection was carried out at two research locations, namely Pancuran Beach and Harbor Pier. This research was conducted using the visual census method at each station made transects with a distance of 5 m per transect. Each transect is 50 m long parallel to the shoreline. Observations were made by snorkeling along the 2.5 m transect line to the right and the left, then the fish obtained were drawn using waterproof paper, numbered per species, and photographed using an underwater camera for identification. Data analysis was carried out, including descriptive analysis to analyze fish characteristics and quantitative analysis to calculate data, including the Shannon Diversity Index (H'), Simpson's Dominance Index (C), and Evenness Index (E). The environmental parameters taken include water temperature, salinity, pH, and DO. This study identified a total of 59 species of reef fish from 17 families, with the dominant family was Pomacentridae. The level of diversity (H') at the research location at Pancuran Beach reached 3.392, while at the Harbor Pier, it reached 3.428. The Simpson Dominance Index (C) value at the Pancuran Beach location is 0.044, and the Harbor Pier is 0.047. The Evenness Index (E) value at the Pancuran Beach location is 0.88, and the Harbor Pier is 0.85. The difference in the index value is influenced by various environmental factors, both physically, chemically, and biologically.ÂÂ