μXRF Analysis of XVIII Century Copper Coin: Patina Investigation and “Bronze Disease” Detection

Garmay, A. V.; Осколок, К. В.; Моногарова, О. В.

doi:10.3103/s0027131421020048

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In this map, the organic finishing layers are als underlined and give a different result depending on their composition and thickn allows us to discriminate different surface layers on the same color/part of a paint thus, to speculate about the presence of restorations. In this way, MA-XRF prov again to be competitive against imaging analyses, and can be considered a useful t time a surface light element layer must be evaluated, as well as for detecting the p of patinae in metallic historical objects [70][71][72]. Indeed, considering emissions at s energies, and thanks to the high performance of the IRIS X-ray detector, it is even highlight dark stains in mockups with oil as a binder due to oil spreading in the p From the ROIs reported in Figure 7, the integrals were computed, and then, f ratio of the integrals of the two emission lines, the thickness was calculated with verted formula obtained from the calibration procedure, shown in Equation (3).…”

Section: Thickness Maps Of Mockup Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This allows us to discriminate different surface layers on the same color/part of a painting, and thus, to speculate about the presence of restorations. In this way, MA-XRF proves once again to be competitive against imaging analyses, and can be considered a useful tool each time a surface light element layer must be evaluated, as well as for detecting the presence of patinae in metallic historical objects [70][71][72]. Indeed, considering emissions at such low energies, and thanks to the high performance of the IRIS X-ray detector, it is even able to highlight dark stains in mockups with oil as a binder due to oil spreading in the primer.…”

Section: ∑ ( )mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Application of Macro X-ray Fluorescence Fast Mapping to Thickness Estimation of Layered Pigments

Zito,

Bonizzoni,

Ludwig

2024

Sustainability

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Even though X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is strictly an atomic method, this technique has been developed mostly at research centers for nuclear physics. One of its most valuable variations is the mapping mode that allows it to shift XRF from a punctual to an image technique. Macro X-ray Fluorescence (MA-XRF) is a widespread analytical technique applied in cultural heritage for characterizing the elemental composition of pigments with a non-destructive, rapid and green approach. When dealing with cultural heritage materials, the sustainability of the applied techniques is directly linked to the limited impact on the work of art. MA-XRF can reveal hidden sub-surface layers or restorations, but, nonetheless, it is hardly adopted for estimating the thickness of layers without resorting to complex Monte Carlo simulations or without combining information from other techniques. Exploiting the recurrent presence of lead white under pictorial layers in historical artworks, we perform a calibration on stand-alone layers produced ad hoc for the relative absorption of Pb L fluorescence lines, and then, their ratio is successfully used to estimate the thickness of azurite and ultramarine blue layers over lead white. The final result is rendered as a heatmap, easy to present to non-technical personnel frequently involved in the cultural heritage field. The new proposed procedure for calculating layer thickness extends the concept of non-invasive applications, paving the way to the possibility of performing stratigraphy without sampling.

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Section: Thickness Maps Of Mockup Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ∑ ( )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Macro X-ray Fluorescence Fast Mapping to Thickness Estimation of Layered Pigments

Zito,

Bonizzoni,

Ludwig

2024

Sustainability

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“…Bronze disease is one of the major issues in bronze artwork conservation. It occurs as a cyclic phenomenon, which can lead to the pitting of the surface and the severe impairment of artifact properties until its destruction [1][2][3][4][5][6]. In the presence of chloride ions and high relative humidity [7], the copper may react, forming an inner layer of cuprous chloride (CuCl, nantokite), which is the first step toward bronze disease [1,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The conversion of nantokite to trihydroxychlorides, due to their larger volume, induces mechanical stress and the consequent cracking or fragmentation of the surface [11]. Therefore, the timely detection of even small amounts of corrosion products is crucial [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Techniques such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Confocal Micro-Raman (CMR) spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) [3], and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) have proven effective for the early detection of bronze disease [1][2][3][12][13][14][15][16]. Most of the former bench-top techniques are invasive because they are based on micro-sampling, which is generally not representative of the overall distribution of corrosion products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spectroscopic and Morphologic Investigation of Bronze Disease: Performance Evaluation of Portable Devices

Porcu

Innocenti²,

Galeotti³

et al. 2022

Heritage

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Copper alloy artworks are particularly subjected to chloride attack, which may trigger bronze disease. Therefore, early identification of the phenomenon is crucial in order to stabilize the reactive copper chloride (CuCl) and remove the harmful corrosion products (atacamite and polymorphs). Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy (CRM) has proven to be effective for the detection of small amounts of atacamite, ascribable to the initial phases of corrosion. The handling of bronze artworks is often difficult or even impossible given their large size and weight, and sampling is not always allowed, making the use of portable instruments mandatory for on-site diagnostics. This paper proposes a method for the early detection of corrosion using non-invasive approaches. In this work, we present the results obtained from a set of artificially aged bronze samples with a suite of either laboratory (bench-top) or field (portable/transportable) instruments with the aim of highlighting their characteristics and performances in the diagnosis of bronze disease. Raman spectroscopy, Fiber Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS), Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were applied for chemical and morphological characterization of the samples.

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High-quality quasi-parallel X-ray beam obtained by a parabolic monocapillary X-ray lens with a square beam stop

Zhou

Cui

et al. 2022

XST

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Parabolic monocapillary X-ray lens (PMXRL) is an ideal optical device for constraining the point divergent X-ray beams to quasi-parallel beams, but the overlap of direct X-rays and reflected X-rays through PMXRL deteriorates the outgoing beam divergence. Aiming to solve this problem, this study designs and tests a square-shaped lead occluder (SSLO) embedded in PMXRL to block the direct X-rays passing through the PMXRL. Python simulations are employed to determine the geometric parameters of the SSLO as well as the optimal position of the SSLO in the PMXRL according to our proposed model. The PMXRL with a conic parameter p of 0.000939 mm and a length L of 60.8 mm is manufactured and the SSLO with a size of 0.472 mm×0.472 mm×3.4 mm is embedded into it. An optical path system based on this PMXRL is built to measure the divergence of the outgoing X-ray beam. The experimental results show that the quasi-parallel X-ray beam reaches a divergence of 0.36 mrad in the range from 15–45 mm at the PMXRL outlet. This divergence is 10 times lower than the theoretical divergence without SSLO. Our work provides an alternative method for obtaining highly parallel X-ray beam and is beneficial to generate or facilitate new applications of monocapillary optics in X-ray technology.

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μXRF Analysis of XVIII Century Copper Coin: Patina Investigation and “Bronze Disease” Detection

Cited by 3 publications

References 15 publications

Application of Macro X-ray Fluorescence Fast Mapping to Thickness Estimation of Layered Pigments

Application of Macro X-ray Fluorescence Fast Mapping to Thickness Estimation of Layered Pigments

Spectroscopic and Morphologic Investigation of Bronze Disease: Performance Evaluation of Portable Devices

High-quality quasi-parallel X-ray beam obtained by a parabolic monocapillary X-ray lens with a square beam stop

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