β-Endorphin Antagonizes the Effects of α-MSH on Food Intake and Body Weight

Dutia, Roxanne; Meece, Kana; Dighe, Shveta; Kim, Andrea J.; Wardlaw, Sharon L.

doi:10.1210/en.2012-1166

Cited by 57 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…These results support a role for the opioid system in generating preference for high levels of dietary fat. Moreover, this role is consistent with the fact that POMC neurons and the opioid system are involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis (14)(15)(16)(17). The POMC neuron can be activated by ingestion of fat but cannot be sufficiently activated by intragastric administration of fat (5).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

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Mechanisms Involved in Guiding the Preference for Fat Emulsion Differ Depending on the Concentration

Sakamoto

Matsumura

Okafuji

et al. 2015

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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Most animals, including humans, have a high avidity for consuming dietary fat. Previous studies have reported that fat preference can be attributed to many factors, including palatable flavor, texture, and chemical perception. Moreover, transection of nerves associated with either olfaction or gustation (i.e., olfactory or glossopharyngeal nerve) has been shown to decrease fat ingestion (1-3). In the central nervous system, several studies have suggested that the opioid system, canonically associated with reward circuitry, is associated with dietary preferences for fat. We recently reported that fat ingestion induces elevations in the endogenous opioid peptide, beta-endorphin, in cerebrospinal fluid (4). Furthermore, we have also demonstrated that fat ingestion can activate pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the hypothalamus, which synthesize beta-endorphin (5). Many reports have suggested that administration of opioid receptor antagonists can attenuate fat preference, an observation that is consistent with our findings (4,(6)(7)(8).A significant amount of experimental evidence implicates the opioid system in the reward and reinforcement of drug addiction. We previously demonstrated that, similar to drug administration, fat ingestion can serve as a reinforcer by inducing place preference or strong lever-pressing behavior in mice (we define these as "reinforcing effects") (9, 10). Moreover, it has been reported that opioid receptor antagonists can diminish the reinforcing influence of fat (11). These findings suggest that the opioid system contributes not only to fat preference, but also to reinforcement. However, the concentration of fat that produces a reinforcing effect might differ from that inducing preference behavior. Indeed, while mice prefer fat even at low concentrations (12), the reinforcing property of fat is only observed in response to substances with higher fat content (13). These findings indicate that the mechanisms underlying preference for fat are distinctly dependent on fat content. Since POMC neurons regulate energy homeostasis modulating feeding and/or energy expenditure (14-17), the opioid system might have an influence on the preference for high fat concentrations.It also seems likely that several nerves (i.e., the chorda tympani, glossopharyngeal, and trigeminal nerves) are involved in recognizing the presence of dietary fat in the oral cavity. In particular, the glossopharyngeal nerve contributes to preference behavior associated with high concentrations of fat, since glossopharyngeal nerve transection (GLX) can partially inhibit POMC neurons that have been activated by fat ingestion (5). Conversely, olfactory nerve transection (ONX) can abolish the preference for low fat concentrations (18); thus, olfactory and gustatory transduction related to fat preference might rely on fat concentration in a different manner. Summary High-fat foods tend to be palatable and can cause addiction in mice via a reinforcing effect. However, mice showed preference for low fat concentrations that do not...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…These findings indicate that the mechanisms underlying preference for fat are distinctly dependent on fat content. Since POMC neurons regulate energy homeostasis modulating feeding and/or energy expenditure (14)(15)(16)(17), the opioid system might have an influence on the preference for high fat concentrations.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms Involved in Guiding the Preference for Fat Emulsion Differ Depending on the Concentration

Sakamoto

Matsumura

Okafuji

et al. 2015

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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“…Exposure to UVR is also followed by an increase in other products of POMC such as β-endorphin [115,121,124,125] and adrenocorticotrophin [124] in the skin, serum and hypothalamus. While α-MSH suppresses appetite, β-endorphin has the opposing effect [126]. The effects of exposure to UVR on appetite and food intake are not known.…”

Section: Sunlight and Ultraviolet Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sun Exposure and Its Effects on Human Health: Mechanisms through Which Sun Exposure Could Reduce the Risk of Developing Obesity and Cardiometabolic Dysfunction

Fleury

Geldenhuys

Gorman

2016

IJERPH

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Obesity is a significant burden on global healthcare due to its high prevalence and associations with chronic health conditions. In our animal studies, ongoing exposure to low dose ultraviolet radiation (UVR, found in sunlight) reduced weight gain and the development of signs of cardiometabolic dysfunction in mice fed a high fat diet. These observations suggest that regular exposure to safe levels of sunlight could be an effective means of reducing the burden of obesity. However, there is limited knowledge around the nature of associations between sun exposure and the development of obesity and cardiometabolic dysfunction, and we do not know if sun exposure (independent of outdoor activity) affects the metabolic processes that determine obesity in humans. In addition, excessive sun exposure has strong associations with a number of negative health consequences such as skin cancer. This means it is very important to “get the balance right” to ensure that we receive benefits without increasing harm. In this review, we detail the evidence around the cardiometabolic protective effects of UVR and suggest mechanistic pathways through which UVR could be beneficial.

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“…We will discuss three: alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), and leptin. Alpha-MSH, a 13-amino-acid peptide, is a strong inhibitor of food intake (Dutia, et al, 2012). The anorexia-inducing effect of α-MSH increases with age (Petervari, et al, 2010).…”

Section: Peptides Protein and Anorexiamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Essential Fatty Acids in Anorexia Nervosa and Obesity

Yehuda

Rabinovitz

2015

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

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The two basic questions in food intake study are what we eat, and how much do we eat. Most research is directed toward the control of how much is eaten. This is likely the result of the increased number of individuals with eating disorders in the Western world. Feeding behavior is highly complex, and is controlled by many psychological, physiological, biochemical, and immunological factors. The aim of this review is to clarify the involvement of fatty acids in eating disorders such as anorexia and binge eating disorder. The review will describe the modified fatty acid profile observed in individuals with anorexia or binge eating disorder, and discuss on what factors fatty acids can exert beneficial effects. In addition, the differences and similarities between anorexia and binge eating disorder will be discussed. We suggest that beneficial effects of essential fatty acids on both anorexia and binge eating disorder can be explained by the stabilizing effect of those fatty acids on the neuronal membrane fluidity index.

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β-Endorphin Antagonizes the Effects of α-MSH on Food Intake and Body Weight

Cited by 57 publications

References 47 publications

Mechanisms Involved in Guiding the Preference for Fat Emulsion Differ Depending on the Concentration

Mechanisms Involved in Guiding the Preference for Fat Emulsion Differ Depending on the Concentration

Sun Exposure and Its Effects on Human Health: Mechanisms through Which Sun Exposure Could Reduce the Risk of Developing Obesity and Cardiometabolic Dysfunction

The Role of Essential Fatty Acids in Anorexia Nervosa and Obesity

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