Zuñi breadstuff

Cushing, Frank Hamilton

doi:10.5479/sil.780229.39088011428620

Cited by 44 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Excess amounts of runoff sediment can also be detrimental to crop growth (Forbes, 1906;Hubbell and Gardner, 1950;Hillel, 1991). These factors may partly explain why Zuni farmers traditionally waited some time after initiating runoff fields to grow crops (Cushing, 1920; also see Wilken, 1987, regarding runoff management in Mexico). However, the immediate value of runoff for plant growth, both in terms of nutrients as well as water, is also evident from speaking with farmers and other studies (Nabhan, 1984;Wilken, 1987;Sandor et al, 2002).…”

Section: Watershed and Weather Componentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 was recovered just south of Zuni (Huber, 2005). Historic records provide evidence of productivity and attest to Zuni agricultural expertise (Figure 2a-b;Cushing, 1920;Stewart and Donnelly, 1943;Ferguson and Hart, 1985;Kintigh, 1985;Hart, 1995). For example, Coronado described the Zuni as having great stores of maize, and Zuni supplied the U.S. army in the region with maize during the mid-1800s, when there were estimated to be over 4000 ha under mainly nonirrigated production.…”

Section: Zuni and Southwest American Indian Agriculturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Traditionally, farmers prepared new fields by building dams a year or more before cropping (Cushing, 1920), allowing time for runoff deposition and subsequent soil incor- poration and decomposition of fresh sediment and organic matter inputs. This illustrates the emphasis on runoff as a soil and nutrient resource, as well as a water resource.…”

Section: Zuni and Southwest American Indian Agriculturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Biogeochemical studies of a Native American runoff agroecosystem

et al. 2007

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Research on soil fertility is presented in the context of runoff agriculture, a venerable farming system that has been used for millennia in arid to semiarid regions, where water is a major limiting resource for crop production. The agroecology of runoff farming was studied with the Zuni to evaluate nutrient and hydrologic processes, management, maize productivity, and soil quality in some of the oldest recognized fields in the United States. This ancient Southwest agriculture has functioned without conventional irrigation or fertilization by tapping into biogeochemical processes in natural watersheds connected to fields. Carefully placed fields are managed on alluvial fans and other valley margin landforms to intercept runoff and associated sediment and organic debris transported from adjoining forested uplands. We report on research to evaluate and link nitrogen and phosphorus, two key nutrients for crop production, in watershed, soil, and crop components of this agroecosystem. Nutrient data have been collected by observational and experimental methods for each component and the transport of nutrients from watershed to field to maize. The condition of Zuni agricultural soils suggests that their knowledge and management of soils contributed to effective conservation. This study and others indicate the need for further long‐term monitoring and experimental research on watersheds, runoff processes, field soils, and crops across a range of arid to semiarid ecosystems. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Watershed and Weather Componentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Zuni and Southwest American Indian Agriculturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Zuni and Southwest American Indian Agriculturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Biogeochemical studies of a Native American runoff agroecosystem

et al. 2007

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“…Over time, maize became the dietary staple of the Anasazi inhabiting the Four Corners region. In the early historical period, the Hopi and the Zuni attempted to keep a second year's supply of maize in reserve (Stevenson, 1904;Hough, 1915;Cushing, 1920;Forde, 1931;Titiev, 1944;Brown et al, 1952). However, such a reserve would not have been sufficient to last through a multi-year drought.…”

Section: Maize and Migrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anasazi (Pre-Columbian Native-American) Migrations During The Middle-12Th and Late-13th Centuries – Were they Drought Induced?

2006

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Abstract. Severe droughts in the middle-12th and late-13th centuries appear to have affected Anasazi (pre-Columbian Native American) populations. During the first drought most of the great houses in the central San Juan Basin were vacated; the second drought resulted in the abandonment of the Four Corners region. During the first drought, villages may not have been completely abandoned. The multi-year drought periods probably were characterized by reductions in both winter and summer precipitation. Maize is dependent on winter precipitation for its germination and initial growth and on summer (monsoonal) precipitation for its continued growth. Reductions in precipitation are hypothesized to have resulted in low yields of maize, the dietary staple of the Anasazi. A comparison of historic climate data and tree-ring-based reconstructions of precipitation in the Four Corners region with tree-ring-based reconstructions of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) indicate that severe and persistent drought in the Four Corners region occurs when the PDO is negative and the AMO is positive. Historic climate data from the greater San Juan Basin indicate that a negative PDO is characterized by reductions in both water-year and summer precipitation, reinforcing the concept that at least some multi-year droughts involved weakening of the summer monsoon with attendant decreases in the yields of maize.

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“…Although ethnographic methods were reported in 15th and 16th century texts that reflected "Western interest" in understanding "other" people and communities, it was not until the late 19th and early 20th centuries that modern ethnography was identified (Atkinson & Hammersley, 1994). The now-classic works of pioneers in ethnographic fieldwork such as (Boas 1888(Boas /1964, Cushing (1920), and Malinowski (1922), helped to spawn the formation of contemporary ethnography within sociocultural anthropology. Their work emphasized the importance of participant observation and fieldwork as means to obtaining meaningful information about individuals within the communities being studied (Tedlock, 2000).…”

Section: What Is Ethnography?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnography in counseling psychology research: Possibilities for application.

Suzuki¹,

Ahluwalia²,

Mattis³

et al. 2005

Journal of Counseling Psychology

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The emphasis placed on prolonged engagement, fieldwork, and participant observation has prevented wide-scale use of ethnography in counseling psychology. This article provides a discussion of ethnography in terms of definition, process, and potential ethical dilemmas. The authors propose that ethnographically informed methods can enhance counseling psychology research conducted with multicultural communities and provide better avenues toward a contextual understanding of diversity as it relates to professional inquiry.

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Zuñi breadstuff

Cited by 44 publications

References 0 publications

Biogeochemical studies of a Native American runoff agroecosystem

Biogeochemical studies of a Native American runoff agroecosystem

Anasazi (Pre-Columbian Native-American) Migrations During The Middle-12Th and Late-13th Centuries – Were they Drought Induced?

Ethnography in counseling psychology research: Possibilities for application.

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