Zoonotic pathogens isolated from wild animals and environmental samples at two California wildlife hospitals

Siembieda, Jennifer L.; Miller, Woutrina A.; Byrne, Barbara A.; Ziccardi, Michael H.; Anderson, Nancy; Chouicha, Nadira; Sandrock, Christian; Johnson, Christine K.

doi:10.2460/javma.238.6.773

Cited by 28 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(85 reference statements)

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“…Analysis at the GDH locus revealed that isolate HW1 was related to G. duodenalis assemblage C; in contrast, the beta-giardin locus suggested that this isolate was related to G. duodenalis assemblage D. Similar mixed multilocus genotyping results were reported in three other studies (43)(44)(45) and deserve further molecular epidemiologic investigation. Additionally, amplified DNA sequences of isolates HW4, HS71, and HC216 were detected using the GDH PCR protocol but not with the beta-giardin PCR protocol.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Mussels (Mytilus californianus) and California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus) from Central California

Adell

Smith

Shapiro

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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cCryptosporidium and Giardia are of public health importance, with recognized transmission through recreational waters. Therefore, both can contaminate marine waters and shellfish, with potential to infect marine mammals in nearshore ecosystems. A 2-year study was conducted to evaluate the presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in mussels located at two distinct coastal areas in California, namely, (i) land runoff plume sites and (ii) locations near sea lion haul-out sites, as well as in feces of California sea lions (CSL) (Zalophus californianus) by the use of direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) detection methods and PCR with sequence analysis. In this study, 961 individual mussel hemolymph samples, 54 aliquots of pooled mussel tissue, and 303 CSL fecal samples were screened. Giardia duodenalis assemblages B and D were detected in hemolymph from mussels collected near two land runoff plume sites (Santa Rosa Creek and Carmel River), and assemblages C and D were detected in hemolymph from mussels collected near a sea lion haul-out site (White Rock). These results suggest that mussels are being contaminated by protozoa carried in terrestrial runoff and/or shed in the feces of CSL. Furthermore, low numbers of oocysts and cysts morphologically similar to Cryptosporidium and Giardia, respectively, were detected in CSL fecal samples, suggesting that CSL could be a source and a host of protozoan parasites in coastal environments. The results of this study showed that Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. from the feces of terrestrial animals and CSL can contaminate mussels and coastal environments.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Mussels (Mytilus californianus) and California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus) from Central California

Adell

Smith

Shapiro

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Water fowl, including geese and ducks, are identified as a source of surface water and pasture contamination (107,117,118) and implicated as the source of numerous food-borne pathogens (119)(120)(121)(122). One goose is reportedly capable of producing up to 5 pounds of feces per day, and this can result in mass contamination, since these birds are usually found in flocks (123).…”

Section: Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Reservoirs of Shiga Toxin-ProducingEscherichia coli

2014

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Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains have been detected in a wide diversity of mammals, birds, fish, and several insects. Carriage by most animals is asymptomatic, thus allowing for dissemination of the bacterium in the environment without detection. Replication of the organism may occur in the gastrointestinal tract of some animals, notably ruminants. Carriage may also be passive or transient, without significant amplification of bacterial numbers while in the animal host. Animals may be classified as reservoir species, spillover hosts, or dead-end hosts. This classification is based on the animal's ability to (i) transmit STEC to other animal species and (ii) maintain STEC infection in the absence of continuous exposure. Animal reservoirs are able to maintain STEC infections in the absence of continuous STEC exposure and transmit infection to other species. Spillover hosts, although capable of transmitting STEC to other animals, are unable to maintain infection in the absence of repeated exposure. The large diversity of reservoir and spillover host species and the survival of the organism in environmental niches result in complex pathways of transmission that are difficult to interrupt.

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“…Mammals carry pathogens (Siembieda et al. ; Fleming & Bexton ), including rabies (Kelly & Sleeman ; Schmidt‐French et al. ).…”

Section: Research Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation and the 4 Rs, which are rescue, rehabilitation, release, and research

Pyke

Szabo

2018

Conservation Biology

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Zoonotic pathogens isolated from wild animals and environmental samples at two California wildlife hospitals

Abstract: Potentially zoonotic enteric pathogens were identified in samples from several species admitted to wildlife hospitals, indicating potential for transmission if prevention is not practiced.

Cited by 28 publications

References 60 publications

Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Mussels (Mytilus californianus) and California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus) from Central California

Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Mussels (Mytilus californianus) and California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus) from Central California

Animal Reservoirs of Shiga Toxin-ProducingEscherichia coli

Conservation and the 4 Rs, which are rescue, rehabilitation, release, and research

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