Zirconium dissolution by low-temperature chlorination in dimethylformamide

Чекмарев, А. М.; Buchikhin, E. P.; Sidorov, D. S.; Koshcheev, A. M.

doi:10.1134/s0040579507050521

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…, uranium, rhenium, zirconium, and copper) in organic solvents ( i.e. , bromide–ethyl acetate, bromide–methanol, chlorine–FeCl 3 –dimethylformamide, and FeCl 3 –ethylene glycol). − Recent work of our research group showed that different metals can be dissolved in trihalide ionic liquids, with the trichloride compounds as the most reactive ones. , Nakao et al studied the dissolution of noble metals using elemental halogens and halides dissolved in polar organic solvents . The quantitative recovery of palladium from spent catalytic converters can also be achieved using N , N′ -dimethylperhydrodiazepine-2,3-dithione diiodine .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solvometallurgical Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from Spent Automotive Catalysts

Nguyen

Riaño

Aktan

et al. 2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Extraction and separation of platinum group metals (PGMs) from secondary raw materials are usually carried out via hydrometallurgical processes. These processes use strongly oxidizing acidic solutions, such as aqua regia or hydrochloric acid in the presence of chlorine gas, which may have negative environmental impacts and are dangerous. In this paper, a solvometallurgical approach was developed for the sustainable recovery of PGMs from spent automotive exhaust catalysts. The PGMs were leached using FeCl3 or CuCl2 as oxidizing agents in the organic solvents dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or acetonitrile (CH3CN). Palladium was quantitatively dissolved in CuCl2/CH3CN, CuCl2/DMSO, and FeCl3/DMSO with only 10–20% codissolution of Pt and Rh. By adjusting the concentration of the oxidizing agent in CH3CN, Pd was selectively leached with 0.01 mol L–1 FeCl3, whereas Pt and Rh could be dissolved in a more concentrated FeCl3 solution (0.3 mol L–1). The solvoleaching of PGMs was investigated in depth by UV–vis spectra and electrochemical properties (i.e., cyclic voltammograms and formal reduction potentials of the Fe3+/Fe2+ and Cu2+/Cu+ couples in DMSO and CH3CN). After leaching, CH3CN was easily recovered by distillation. The Pd-containing residue was dissolved in water, from which Pd sponge was produced by reduction with formic acid. Meanwhile, the residue containing the solid chloride salts of Fe(III), Pt(IV), and Rh(III) was redissolved in ethylene glycol or DMSO for further purification by nonaqueous solvent extraction (NASX). The ionic liquid Aliquat 336 diluted in p-cymene showed selective extraction of Fe(III) and Pt(IV) while leaving Rh(III) in the raffinate. The loaded ionic liquid was recycled after selective stripping of Fe(III) with water and Pt(IV) with a thiourea solution. A flow sheet comprising solvoleaching and NASX is proposed. The closed-loop solvoleaching of PGMs with less-hazardous chemicals (FeCl3/CH3CN) avoids the emission of toxic or flammable gases (Cl2, H2, and NO x ) while reducing the consumption of acids and bases and limiting the generation of waste water. In addition, NASX with an ionic liquid may be a more sustainable alternative for the conventional separation of PGMs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solvometallurgical Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from Spent Automotive Catalysts

Nguyen

Riaño

Aktan

et al. 2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…A mixture of iodine and the S-donor tetraethylthiuram disulfide can dissolve gold [161]. DMF-Cl 2 can dissolve zirconium [162], while uranium metal can be dissolved in TBP-TCE-Cl 2 or TBP-TCE-NO 2 (TBP = tributyl phosphate, TCE = tetrachloroethylene) [163,164]. As mentioned in the section on ionometallurgical processes, polyhalide ionic liquids with the tribromide anion are able to dissolve elemental mercury [139].…”

Section: Oxidative Dissolution Of Metals In Non-aqueous Solventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solvometallurgy: An Emerging Branch of Extractive Metallurgy

Binnemans

Jones

2017

J. Sustain. Metall.

217

187

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This position paper introduces the reader to the concept of solvometallurgy, the term used to describe the extraction of metals from ores, industrial process residues, production scrap, and urban waste using non-aqueous solutions. Here, non-aqueous is not used to imply anhydrous, but rather a low water content. The unit operations are as follows: solvent leaching; separation of the residue; purification of the leach solution by non-aqueous solvent extraction or non-aqueous ion exchange; and metal recovery by precipitation or electrolysis in non-aqueous electrolytes. Solvometallurgy is similar to hydrometallurgy in that both the branches of extractive metallurgy use lowtemperature processes, but with solvometallurgy, there is no discrete water phase. Both branches use organic or inorganic solvents (excluding water in the case of solvometallurgy). However, for solvometallurgical processes to be sustainable, they must be based on green solvents, which means that all toxic or environmentally harmful solvents must be avoided. Solvometallurgy is complementary to pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, but this new approach offers several advantages. First, the consumption of water is very limited, and so the generation of wastewater can be avoided. Second, the leaching and solvent extraction can be combined to form a single step, resulting in more simplified process flow sheets. Third, solvent leaching is often more selective than leaching with acidic aqueous solutions, leading to reduced acid consumption and fewer purification steps. Fourth, solvometallurgy is useful for the treatment of ores rich in soluble silica (e.g., eudialyte) because no silica gel is formed. In short, solvometallurgy is in a position to help develop the near-zero-waste metallurgical processes, and with levels of energy consumption that are much lower than those with the high-temperature processes. The Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of this emerging branch of extractive metallurgy is still low (TRL = 3-4), which is a disadvantage for short-term implementation, but offers a great opportunity for further research, development, and innovation.

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“…Examples of commonly used organic solvents are ethanol (EtOH), methyl acetate (MeOAc), butyl acetate (BuOAc), ethylene glycol (EG), acetonitrile (ACN), and tri- n -butylphosphate (TBP). A major application of organic solvent–halogen mixtures is the quantitative analysis of nonmetallic phase impurities in metals and alloys, because the metals in their elemental state are oxidatively dissolved, but metallic compounds (e.g., oxides and borides) and nonmetallic components (e.g., boron) are not soluble. − Other applications are the dissolution of metals or metal alloys, the chlorination of metals, and the chemical etching and polishing of semiconductors. ,− Leaching systems containing halogens and organic solvents used for dissolution of metals in various application fields are summarized in Table . Due to the large variety of combinations of halogens with organic solvents, this subsection is further divided into three subsections based on the type of halogens.…”

Section: Solutions Of Halogens In Polar Organic Solventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative Dissolution of Metals in Organic Solvents

Binnemans

2021

Chem. Rev.

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Dissolution of metals in organic solvents is relevant to various application fields, such as metal extraction from ores or secondary resources, surface etching or polishing of metals, direct synthesis of organometallic compounds, and separation of metals from other compounds. Organic solvents for dissolution of metals can offer a solution when aqueous systems fail, such as separation of metals from metal oxides, because both the metal and metal oxide could codissolve in aqueous acidic solutions. This review critically discusses organic media (conventional molecular organic solvents, ionic liquids, deep-eutectic solvents and supercritical carbon dioxide) for oxidative dissolution of metals in different application areas. The reaction mechanisms of dissolution processes are discussed for various lixiviant systems which generally consist of oxidizing agents, chelating agents, and solvents. Different oxidizing agents for dissolution of metals are reviewed such as halogens, halogenated organics, donor–acceptor electron-transfer systems, polyhalide ionic liquids, and others. Both chemical and electrochemical processes are included. The review can guide researchers to develop more efficient, economic, and environmentally friendly processes for dissolution of metals in their elemental state.

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Zirconium dissolution by low-temperature chlorination in dimethylformamide

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Solvometallurgical Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from Spent Automotive Catalysts

Solvometallurgical Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from Spent Automotive Catalysts

Solvometallurgy: An Emerging Branch of Extractive Metallurgy

Oxidative Dissolution of Metals in Organic Solvents

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