Zinc‐Modified Sulfonated Polyetheretherketone Surface with Immunomodulatory Function for Guiding Cell Fate and Bone Regeneration

Abstract

The cytokines released by immune cells are considered important factors to induce bone tissue regeneration. However, the pathway of those bone‐targeting macrophage cytokines induced by biomaterial surface under tissue microenvironment is rarely reported. In this study, the immunomodulatory capability of zinc ions on macrophage polarization and its effects on osteogenic differentiation are investigated. Hence, a layer of zinc ions are incorporated on sulfonated polyetheretherketone (SPEEK) biomaterials by using a customized magnetron sputtering technique. The results reveal that the microenvironment on Zn‐coated SPEEK can modulate nonactivated macrophage polarization to an anti‐inflammatory phenotype and induce the secretion of anti‐inflammatory and osteogenic cytokines. The osteogenic differentiation capability of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) is therefore enhanced, leading to improved osteointegration between the zinc‐coated SPEEK and bone tissue. This study verifies that zinc ion is a promising additive in the osteoimmunomodulation process and provides knowledge that may pave the way to develop the next generation of immunomodulatory biomaterials.

Novel non-resorbable polymeric-nanostructured scaffolds for guided bone regeneration

“…Polymer-based scaffold/membranes loaded with Zn have previously been shown to enhance cell proliferation/wound healing [26]. Zinc ion has also been recognized as a promising osteoimmunomodulator with actions on macrophage polarization and osteogenic cells differentiation [27]. Formation of new bone indicates that membranes can induce osteoblasts growth and differentiation to fill, or partially fill intracortical pores by nucleating clusters.…”

Effect of the nano/microscale structure of biomaterial scaffolds on bone regeneration

“…Zinc could modulate nonactivated macrophage polarization and stimulate the release of anti-inflammatory and osteogenic cytokines. 136 Chen et al reported that coating Mg with -TCP could decrease degradation rate of the composite scaffold, regulate M2 macrophage polarization, promote osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and inhibit osteoclastogenesis simultaneousl. 137 Ca and Sr are shown to induce osteogenesis and inhibit inflammation.…”

MSC-derived miR-181b Overexpressing Exosomes Enhanced Osteointegration by Enhancing M2 Polarization of Macrophages via Targeting the PRKCD/AKT Pathway

“…From the above results, we could know that miR-181b could promote M2 polarization, which was reported of immunomodulatory and pro-osteogenesis ability by increasing the gene expression and secretion of BMP-2 and VEGF from RAW264.7 [6]. Therefore, we collected the conditioned medium from RAW264.7 treated with PBS, Ti, Ti-miR-181bm NC and Ti-miR-181bm and explored their effect on osteogenesis.…”

“…M1 subtype promotes in ammation and is not conducive to tissue repair, while M2 inhibits in ammation and promotes tissue regeneration and repair. For example, zinc has been reported of promoting osteogenesis by promoting M2 macrophage polarization [6]. Also, hierarchical intra brillarly mineralized collagen material was fabricated for inducing M2 macrophage polarization for bone regeneration [7].…”