Yomogin Inhibits the Degranulation of Mast Cells and the Production of the Nitric Oxide in Activated RAW 264.7 Cells

Ryu, Shi Yong; Oak, Min Ho; Kim, Kyeong Man

doi:10.1055/s-0029-1243124

Cited by 30 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…The absorbance was measured using an ELISA reader at 540 nm, and compared to a standard calibration curve prepared from sodium nitrite. 14) Assay of PGE2 The RAW 264.7 cells were seeded at 5ϫ10 4 cells per well in flat-bottomed 96-well plates. Test agents and LPS (1 mg/ml) were added to the culture medium, and incubated at 37°C for 20 h. The medium was collected in a microcentrifuge tube and centrifuged at 2800ϫg for 10 min.…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory Effect of Ginsenoside Rb1 and Compound K on NO and Prostaglandin E2 Biosyntheses of RAW264.7 Cells Induced by Lipopolysaccharide

Park

Shin

Lee

et al. 2005

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

184

116

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Ginseng (the root of Panax ginseng C.A. MEYER, Araliaceae) is frequently taken orally, as a crude substance, as a traditional medicine in Asian countries. The major components of ginseng are ginsenosides, which contain an aglycone with a dammarane skeleton.1,2) These ginsenosides have been reported to exhibit various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory action and antitumor effects (inhibition of tumor-induced angiogenesis and the prevention of tumor invasion and metastasis). [3][4][5] The pharmacological actions of these ginsenosides have been explained by their biotransformation by human intestinal bacteria. [6][7][8] For example, protopanaxadiol ginsenosides are transformed to 20-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (compound K) by human intestinal bacteria. The metabolite compound K induces an antimetastatic or anticarcinogenic effect by blocking tumor invasion or preventing chromosomal aberration and tumorigenesis.5) Ginsenosides Re and Rg1 are also transformed to ginsenoside Rh1 or 20(S)-protopanaxatriol, which have exhibited potent antiallergic and antiinflammatory effects. [9][10][11][12] However, the antiiflammatory effect of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides, such as ginsenoside Rb1, and compound K, has not been studied.Therefore, we isolated ginsenoside Rb1 from ginseng and its metabolite compound K and investigated the antiinflammatory effect of ginsenoside Rb1 and its metabolite compound K (Fig. 1), using RAW264.7 cell induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The RAW 264.7 cells were purchased from the Korean Cell Line Bank (Seoul, Korea). MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials Isolation of Ginsenoside Rb1 and Its Metabolite Compound K by Human Intestinal Microflora GinsenosideRb1 and compound K were isolated from fermented Ginseng according to the previously published method.2,13) Ginsenoside Rb1 (2 g) from a BuOH extract of white ginseng (Kyung Dong Market, Seoul, Korea), was isolated by silica gel column chromatography using CHCl 3 -MeOH-H 2 O (10 : 3 : 1, lower layer), according to the previously reported methods.Fresh human feces (5 g) were suspended in TS broth, centrifuged at 500ϫg for 10 min, and the resulting supernatant * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Hoegi, Dongdaemun-ku, Seoul 130-701, Korea: and b Korea Food Research Institute; San 46-1, Baekhyun, Bundang-Ku, Seoungnam-Shi 463-420, Korea. Received August 25, 2004; accepted December 2, 2004 In this study, the antiinflammatory activities of ginsenoside Rb1, which is a main constituent of the root of Panax ginseng (Araliaceae), and of its metabolite compound K, as produced by human intestinal bacteria, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells were investigated. Compound K potently inhibited the production of NO and prostaglandin E2 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, with IC 50 values of 0.012 and 0.004 mM, respectively. Compound K also reduced the expression levels of the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and COX-2 proteins and inhibited the activation of NF-kB, a nuclear transcription factor. Compound K inhibite...

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Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory Effect of Ginsenoside Rb1 and Compound K on NO and Prostaglandin E2 Biosyntheses of RAW264.7 Cells Induced by Lipopolysaccharide

Park

Shin

Lee

et al. 2005

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

184

116

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“…18) RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with LPS (1 mg/ml) and test compounds for 24 h. Cells were briefly centrifuged and 150 ml of cell culture supernatant was mixed with 150 ml of Griess reagent, and incubated 5-10 min at room temperature (light protected). The absorbance was measured using an ELISA reader at 540 nm against a calibration curve with sodium nitrate as a standard.…”

Section: Assay Of Antiallergic Activity In Rbl-2h3 Cell Linementioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism of Ginsenoside Rc by Human Intestinal Bacteria and Its Related Antiallergic Activity.

Bae

Choo

Park

et al. 2002

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

191

122

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Ginseng (the root of Panax ginseng C. A. MEYER, Araliaceae) is frequently used in Asian countries as a traditional medicine. The major components of ginseng are ginsenosides.1,2) These ginsenosides have been reported to show various biological activities including antiinflammatory activity 3) and antitumor effects. 4,5) The pharmacological actions of these ginsenosides have been explained by the biotransformation of ginsenosides by human intestinal bacteria. [6][7][8][9][10][11] Transformed 20-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (IH-901, compound K) from ginsenosides R b1 , R b2 and R c induces an antimetastatic or anticarcinogenic effect. [12][13][14] However, studies on the metabolism of ginsenoside R c by human intestinal bacteria and its related biological activities are not complete.We therefore investigated the human intestinal bacteria capable of metabolizing ginsenoside R c and its related antiallergic activity. MATERIALS AND METHODSInstrument Melting points were determined on an electrothermal digital melting point apparatus.1 H-and 13 C-NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker-AM 500 with tetramethylsilane (TMS) as an internal standard. The TLC chromatogram of metabolites was quantitatively analyzed with Shimadzu model CS-9301PC (Japan).Materials and Bacterial Strains Sodium thioglycolate, ascorbic acid and disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) were purchased from Sigma Co. (U.S.A.). General anaerobic medium (GAM) was purchased from Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Japan). Tryptic soy broth was purchased from Difco Co. (U.S.A.). Ginsenoside R c was isolated by the previous method.15) The other chemicals were of analytical reagent grade.Isolation of Metabolites of Ginsenoside R c by Human Intestinal Microflora The reaction mixture containing 100 mg of 20(S)-ginsenoside R c and 500 mg of fresh fecal suspension (Bifidobacterium K-103 or K-506) was incubated for 24 h at 37°C. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate, evaporated to dryness, and applied to silica gel column chromatography; solvent, CHCl 3 -MeOH-H 2 O (65 : 35 : 10 v/v, lower phase). From the reaction mixture, we isolated ginsenoside M c , compound K and 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (5 mg). Ginsenosides R d (12 mg) and F 2 (10 mg) were isolated as metabolites by Bifidobacterium K-103, and ginsenoside M b (15 mg) was isolated as a metabolite by Bifidobacterium K-506.Ten grams of fresh feces were suspended with 100 ml of anaerobic diluted media and centrifuged at 200ϫg for 5 min, and the precipitate was discarded. The supernatant was centrifuged at 10000ϫg for 30 min. The precipitate was washed twice with saline and used in the experiment.Ginsenoside Screening of Bacteria Metabolizing Ginsenoside R cThe bacteria (Bacteroides HJ-15, Bacteroides JY-6, Eubacterium A-44, Bifidobacterium K-110, and Fusobacterium K-60) previously isolated from human intestinal microflora were cultured in 50 ml of tryptic soy broth containing 0.01% sodium thioglycolate and 0.1% ascorbic acid (TSTA), and then each cultured cell was centrifuged at 3000ϫg for 10 min an...

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“…A. princeps contains sesquiterpenoid lactones 12,13) and number of volatile chemicals. 14) Some individual components may have synergistic effects, while some particular components may have strong independent effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artemisia princeps Extract Promoted Glucose Uptake in Cultured L6 Muscle Cells via Glucose Transporter 4 Translocation

Yamamoto¹,

Ueda

Kawabata

et al. 2010

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry

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Yomogin Inhibits the Degranulation of Mast Cells and the Production of the Nitric Oxide in Activated RAW 264.7 Cells

Cited by 30 publications

References 0 publications

Inhibitory Effect of Ginsenoside Rb1 and Compound K on NO and Prostaglandin E2 Biosyntheses of RAW264.7 Cells Induced by Lipopolysaccharide

Inhibitory Effect of Ginsenoside Rb1 and Compound K on NO and Prostaglandin E2 Biosyntheses of RAW264.7 Cells Induced by Lipopolysaccharide

Metabolism of Ginsenoside Rc by Human Intestinal Bacteria and Its Related Antiallergic Activity.

Artemisia princeps Extract Promoted Glucose Uptake in Cultured L6 Muscle Cells via Glucose Transporter 4 Translocation

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