Yes, Brain Biopsy Should Be a Prerequisite for Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Treatment

A Dual Diagnostic Dilemma: Viral Encephalitis and Cerebral Venous Thrombosis

“…The central nervous system symptoms of herpes include fever, headache, seizure, focal neurological signs, and impaired consciousness [ 5 ]. HSE is a rare manifestation and is associated with significant morbidity, and if left untreated, it can result in a mortality rate of up to 70%[ 6 ].…”

A Dual Diagnostic Dilemma: Viral Encephalitis and Cerebral Venous Thrombosis

“…The central nervous system symptoms of herpes include fever, headache, seizure, focal neurological signs, and impaired consciousness [ 5 ]. HSE is a rare manifestation and is associated with significant morbidity, and if left untreated, it can result in a mortality rate of up to 70%[ 6 ].…”

An Unusual Psychiatric Emergency: Herpes Simplex Encephalitis

“…These are: (a) signs of influenza or headache immediately before or during presentation: (b) extremely disinhibited behaviour; (c) rapid onset of psychosis or seizure-like activity, vague neurological symptoms or neurological signs such as ataxia, nystagmus, or pupillary changes. If treatment with acyclovir is commenced prior to loss of consciousness, mortality rates can be greatly reduced (17% compared with 70% without therapy ;Hanley et al, 1987). The severe cognitive sequelae of HSV encephalitis may also be reduced by early antiviral therapy.…”

Beneficial and detrimental functions of microglia during viral encephalitis

“…Mostly, VE is undiagnosed due to the unspecific, mild, flulike symptoms that patients develop (see also Box 2). Normally, VE is self-limiting [43][44][45], but still, severe and even fatal cases of encephalitis can occur after viral infection of the CNS. In some cases, patients affected by viral infection of the CNS can develop long-term neurological sequelae, such as epilepsy and cognitive dysfunctions, that often manifest years after the initial insult.…”

“…Symptoms in patients range from headache and mild flulike symptoms to confusion, amnesia, personality changes, seizures, paralysis, coma, and even death [40]. CNS infection with HSV causes the most serious cases of VE with a mortality of approximately 70% in untreated patients [40,44]. VE is often self-limiting and even undiagnosed [41].…”

A Dual Diagnostic Dilemma: Viral Encephalitis and Cerebral Venous Thrombosis

“…The central nervous system symptoms of herpes include fever, headache, seizure, focal neurological signs, and impaired consciousness [ 5 ]. HSE is a rare manifestation and is associated with significant morbidity, and if left untreated, it can result in a mortality rate of up to 70%[ 6 ].…”

An Unusual Psychiatric Emergency: Herpes Simplex Encephalitis

“…These are: (a) signs of influenza or headache immediately before or during presentation: (b) extremely disinhibited behaviour; (c) rapid onset of psychosis or seizure-like activity, vague neurological symptoms or neurological signs such as ataxia, nystagmus, or pupillary changes. If treatment with acyclovir is commenced prior to loss of consciousness, mortality rates can be greatly reduced (17% compared with 70% without therapy ;Hanley et al, 1987). The severe cognitive sequelae of HSV encephalitis may also be reduced by early antiviral therapy.…”

Beneficial and detrimental functions of microglia during viral encephalitis

“…Mostly, VE is undiagnosed due to the unspecific, mild, flulike symptoms that patients develop (see also Box 2). Normally, VE is self-limiting [43][44][45], but still, severe and even fatal cases of encephalitis can occur after viral infection of the CNS. In some cases, patients affected by viral infection of the CNS can develop long-term neurological sequelae, such as epilepsy and cognitive dysfunctions, that often manifest years after the initial insult.…”

“…Symptoms in patients range from headache and mild flulike symptoms to confusion, amnesia, personality changes, seizures, paralysis, coma, and even death [40]. CNS infection with HSV causes the most serious cases of VE with a mortality of approximately 70% in untreated patients [40,44]. VE is often self-limiting and even undiagnosed [41].…”

A Dual Diagnostic Dilemma: Viral Encephalitis and Cerebral Venous Thrombosis

“…The central nervous system symptoms of herpes include fever, headache, seizure, focal neurological signs, and impaired consciousness [ 5 ]. HSE is a rare manifestation and is associated with significant morbidity, and if left untreated, it can result in a mortality rate of up to 70%[ 6 ].…”

An Unusual Psychiatric Emergency: Herpes Simplex Encephalitis

“…These are: (a) signs of influenza or headache immediately before or during presentation: (b) extremely disinhibited behaviour; (c) rapid onset of psychosis or seizure-like activity, vague neurological symptoms or neurological signs such as ataxia, nystagmus, or pupillary changes. If treatment with acyclovir is commenced prior to loss of consciousness, mortality rates can be greatly reduced (17% compared with 70% without therapy ;Hanley et al, 1987). The severe cognitive sequelae of HSV encephalitis may also be reduced by early antiviral therapy.…”

Beneficial and detrimental functions of microglia during viral encephalitis

“…Mostly, VE is undiagnosed due to the unspecific, mild, flulike symptoms that patients develop (see also Box 2). Normally, VE is self-limiting [43][44][45], but still, severe and even fatal cases of encephalitis can occur after viral infection of the CNS. In some cases, patients affected by viral infection of the CNS can develop long-term neurological sequelae, such as epilepsy and cognitive dysfunctions, that often manifest years after the initial insult.…”

“…Symptoms in patients range from headache and mild flulike symptoms to confusion, amnesia, personality changes, seizures, paralysis, coma, and even death [40]. CNS infection with HSV causes the most serious cases of VE with a mortality of approximately 70% in untreated patients [40,44]. VE is often self-limiting and even undiagnosed [41].…”