Yerba Mate Extract in Microfibrillated Cellulose and Corn Starch Films as a Potential Wound Healing Bandage

Abstract

Microfibrillated cellulose films have been gathering considerable attention due to their high mechanical properties and cheap cost. Additionally, it is possible to include compounds within the fibrillated structure in order to confer desirable properties. Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil, yerba mate leaf extract has been reported to possess a high quantity of caffeoylquinic acids that may be beneficial for other applications instead of its conventional use as a hot beverage. Therefore, we investigate the effect of blending yerba mate extract during and after defibrillation of Eucalyptus sp. bleached kraft paper by ultrafine grinding. Blending the extract during defibrillation increased the mechanical and thermal properties, besides being able to use the whole extract. Afterwards, this material was also investigated with high content loadings of starch and glycerine. The results present that yerba mate extract increases film resistance, and the defibrillated cellulose is able to protect the bioactive compounds from the extract. Additionally, the films present antibacterial activity against two known pathogens S. aureus and E. coli, with high antioxidant activity and increased cell proliferation. This was attributed to the bioactive compounds that presented faster in vitro wound healing, suggesting that microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) films containing extract of yerba mate can be a potential alternative as wound healing bandages.

Microfibrillated cellulose films containing chitosan and tannic acid for wound healing applications

“…Chitosan films have been reported to modify the structure in order to show such increased fast release [42], also, the kinetic swelling parameter of such chitosan films by solvent-casting dissolved from acetic acid also exhibit this character [43]. In addition to hydrogels [44], and previously using MFC [45], such models are important in order to study the effective drug delivery in vivo, so that smart polymers can achieve an ideal release profile by electrically controlling the rate based on such models [46], or by pH [47].…”

Characterization of Gels and Films Produced from Pinhão Seed Coat Nanocellulose as a Potential Use for Wound Healing Dressings and Screening of Its Compounds towards Antitumour Effects

“…On the other hand, the highest concentration (0.26%) had a significant cytotoxicity of 47%. In general, and according to previous MTT assays, viability values below 70% can be considered toxic for both cell lines [ 12 , 44 , 45 ].…”

“…For the cytotoxic evaluation, both gel and film were tested. Films were sterilized using ethanol 70% for 30 s, phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 30 s, followed by DMEM media for 30 s prior to cytotoxic evaluation following the methodology of a previous report [ 12 , 19 ]. MTT colorimetric assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity potential of the gels and films.…”

“…The usage of films for nanocellulose using by-products has been demonstrated previously using bleached kraft pulp with tannins and yerba mate [ 11 , 12 ], which reports that these materials present a good electrostatic interaction with cellulose, maintaining its antioxidant activities with a wide range of applications [ 13 ]. Another option suggested in this work was the use of polyvinyl alcohol to form the film, such as cellulose/PVA hydrogels that exhibited homogeneous porous structures with good miscibility [ 14 ].…”

Starch as a Matrix for Incorporation and Release of Bioactive Compounds: Fundamentals and Applications

“…In general, starch presents good properties for film formation [32][33][34][35], particulate systems [36,37], and gel formation [38][39][40][41][42], and is adequate for incorporating bioactive substances in controlled-release devices. An example of the process and its applications can be seen in Figure 2.…”