Xingnaojing injection can regulate dysbacteriosis and increase the concentration of short chain fatty acids in the feces after stroke in mice

Abstract

Backgroundl Xingnaojing injection (XNJ) is extracted from the Chinese ancient prescription "An-Gong-Niu-Huang Pill", is widely used for stroke in China. We mainly observe the effect of XNJ (Xingnaojing) injection on the gut microbiota in stroke model mice. Methods: Forty-two 7- to 8-week-old male C57 mice weighing 22-24 g were chosen for the experiment. There were 6 mice in each group; the 7 groups were the normal group (NG), the MCAO group (CG), the MCAO+XNJ group (EG), the sham surgery group (SG), the sham germ-free normal group (SGFNG), the sham germ-free+MCAO group (SGFCG), and the sham germ-free+MCAO+XNJ group (SGFEG). Two days before modeling, we abdominally administered Xingnaojing (6 mg/kg) the SGFEG and EG groups. The processing time of sustained XNJ was 5 days. Three days after modeling, 1 ~ 2 mouse feces were collected, and after a MiSeq PE library was constructed, an Illumina MiSeq PE 300 platform was used for high-throughput sequencing. After cleaning the sequencing data, the microbiome and microbiomeseq packages were used for analysis using R software (version 3.6.2). Results: Alpha diversity analysis revealed that the diversity was not different between the CG and EG. The Simpson index was different between the SGFCG and SGFEG. XNJ increased the levels of Sutterellaceae and decreased the level of Deferribacteres and Morganella. LEfSe analysis showed that SGFCG mice were also enriched with Morganella. XNJ increased the concentrations of the SCFAs PA (propionate), VA (valerate), IBA (isobutyrate), and IVA (isovalerate) in the feces of the SGFEG group. BA (butyrate) had greater positive correlation with gut bacteria than other acids in the SGFCG, and XNJ changed this trend. KEGG analysis showed that peptidoglycan biosynthesis was most different between the CG and EG. Conclusion: Ischemic stroke (IS) causes dysbiosis of some specific bacteria in the gut microbiota in MCAO mice. Xingnaojing ameliorated this condition by increasing the levels of Sutterellaceae and decreasing the level of Deferribacteres and Morganella. These results are in accordance with other research on Chinese medicines for IS that affect the gut microbiota. Enrichment analysis of SCFAs revealed that XNJ improved the levels of SCFAs through an energy metabolism-related pathway.

Characterization of endophytic bacteriome diversity and associated beneficial bacteria inhabiting a macrophyte Eichhornia crassipes

“…Sutterellaceae from roots of E. crassipes is a family of the Betaproteobacteria (order Burkholderiales) that were previously mainly found as intestinal microbiota ( Morotomi et al., 2011 ). The members in this family were found to be correlated with human diseases or can be used in disease control ( Lin et al., 2020 ). Endophytes can be transported from roots ( Chi et al., 2005 ) to the plant tissues above the water surface, stems and leaves in this case and from the adjacent atmosphere, that is, by horizontal dispersal ( Zhou et al., 2020 ).…”

Uncovering the Mechanism of the Xingnaojing Injection against Ischemic Stroke Using a Combined Network Pharmacology Approach and Gut Microbiota Analysis

“…e funders had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. An earlier version of the present manuscript has been presented as a preprint [58].…”