X-ray-Computed Tomography Contrast Agents

Lusic, Hrvoje; Grinstaff, Mark W.

doi:10.1021/cr200358s

Cited by 866 publications

(851 citation statements)

References 265 publications

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“…Consequently, anionic contrast agents are repelled from the cartilage tissue, which limits their use for mapping the heterogeneous distribution of GAGs within the AC, especially in the deeper zones. To increase the sensitivity and tissue differentiation capabilities, new iodinated cationic contrast agents have been developed [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro-Scale Distribution of CA4+ in Ex vivo Human Articular Cartilage Detected with Contrast-Enhanced Micro-Computed Tomography Imaging

et al. 2017

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Contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography (CEµCT) with cationic and anionic contrast agents reveals glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and distribution in articular cartilage (AC). The advantage of using cationic stains (e.g., CA4+) compared to anionic stains (e.g., Hexabrix ® ), is that it distributes proportionally with GAGs, while anionic stain distribution in AC is inversely proportional to the GAG content. To date, studies using cationic stains have been conducted with sufficient resolution to study its distributions on the macro-scale, but with insufficient resolution to study its distributions on the micro-scale. Therefore, it is not known whether the cationic contrast agents accumulate in extra/pericellular matrix and if they interact with chondrocytes. The insufficient resolution has also prevented to answer the question whether CA4+ accumulation in chondrons could lead to an erroneous quantification of GAG distribution with low-resolution µCT setups. In this study, we use high-resolution µCT to investigate whether CA4+ accumulates in chondrocytes, and further, to determine whether it affects the low-resolution ex vivo µCT studies of CA4+ stained human AC with varying degree of osteoarthritis. Human osteochondral samples were immersed in three different concentrations of CA4+ (3 mgI/ml, 6 mgI/ml, and 24 mgI/ml) and imaged with high-resolution µCT at several timepoints. Different uptake diffusion profiles of CA4+ were observed between the segmented chondrons and the rest of the tissue. While the X-ray -detected CA4+ concentration in chondrons was greater than in the rest of the AC, its contribution to the uptake into the whole tissue was negligible and in line with macro-scale GAG Karhula et al. CA4+ Accumulation in Human Cartilagecontent detected from histology. The efficient uptake of CA4+ into chondrons and surrounding territorial matrix can be explained by the micro-scale distribution of GAG content. CA4+ uptake in chondrons occurred regardless of the progression stage of osteoarthritis in the samples and the relative difference between the interterritorial matrix and segmented chondron area was less than 4%. To conclude, our results suggest that GAG quantification with CEµCT is not affected by the chondron uptake of CA4+. This further confirms the use of CA4+ for macro-scale assessment of GAG throughout the AC, and highlight the capability of studying chondron properties in 3D at the micro scale.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro-Scale Distribution of CA4+ in Ex vivo Human Articular Cartilage Detected with Contrast-Enhanced Micro-Computed Tomography Imaging

et al. 2017

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“…[750] Despite the advantages offered by CT, the similar X-ray absorption of soft tissues makes it difficult for CT to precisely distinguish between subtle changes in them. [809] To produce images with better qualities, extensive experience with use of gold as appropriate shells for iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles along with the capability of these nanoparticles to enhance the contrast of MR images have been extremely exploited to build MRI/CT dual imaging probes. [810] Simultaneous combination of the anatomic information provided by both techniques certainly comes in handy for better diagnosis and further decisions to overcome the limitations of each single procedure as a result of higher payload of contrast producing material with longer blood circulation times.…”

Section: Computer Tomographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, Functionalization, and Design of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications

Mosayebi

Kiyasatfar

Laurent

2017

Adv Healthcare Materials

193

171

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In order to translate nanotechnology into medical practice, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been presented as a class of non‐invasive nanomaterials for numerous biomedical applications. In particular, MNPs have opened a door for simultaneous diagnosis and brisk treatment of diseases in the form of theranostic agents. This review highlights the recent advances in preparation and utilization of MNPs from the synthesis and functionalization steps to the final design consideration in evading the body immune system for therapeutic and diagnostic applications with addressing the most recent examples of the literature in each section. This study provides a conceptual framework of a wide range of synthetic routes classified mainly as wet chemistry, state‐of‐the‐art microfluidic reactors, and biogenic routes, along with the most popular coating materials to stabilize resultant MNPs. Additionally, key aspects of prolonging the half‐life of MNPs via overcoming the sequential biological barriers are covered through unraveling the biophysical interactions at the bio–nano interface and giving a set of criteria to efficiently modulate MNPs' physicochemical properties. Furthermore, concepts of passive and active targeting for successful cell internalization, by respectively exploiting the unique properties of cancers and novel targeting ligands are described in detail. Finally, this study extensively covers the recent developments in magnetic drug targeting and hyperthermia as therapeutic applications of MNPs. In addition, multi‐modal imaging via fusion of magnetic resonance imaging, and also innovative magnetic particle imaging with other imaging techniques for early diagnosis of diseases are extensively provided.

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“…Typical X-ray contrast agents that are commercially available are iodine compounds dissolved homogeneously in solvents at the molecular level. However, iodine compound X-ray contrast agents face a problem; they may provoke adverse events such as allergic reactions in patients (Lusic and Grinstaff 2013;Scoditti et al 2013;Wendel et al 2014), preventing their administration to such people. In addition to iodine compounds, Au is also promising for imaging because Au also highly absorbs X-rays and is less toxic relative to the iodine compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to iodine compounds, Au is also promising for imaging because Au also highly absorbs X-rays and is less toxic relative to the iodine compounds. From this viewpoint, Au nanoparticles have been examined with respect to their use as contrast agents for imaging tissues in living bodies at the nanometer level (Lusic and Grinstaff 2013;Cole et al 2014;Betzer et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of quantum dot/silica core–shell particles immobilizing Au nanoparticles and their dual imaging functions

Kobayashi

Matsudo

et al. 2015

Appl Nanosci

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The present work proposes preparation methods for quantum dot/silica (QD/SiO 2 ) core-shell particles that immobilize Au nanoparticles (QD/SiO 2 /Au). A colloid solution of QD/SiO 2 core-shell particles with an average size of 47.0 ± 6.1 nm was prepared by a sol-gel reaction of tetraethyl orthosilicate in the presence of the QDs with an average size of 10.3 ± 2.1 nm. A colloid solution of Au nanoparticles with an average size of 17.9 ± 1.3 nm was prepared by reducing Au 3? ions with sodium citrate in water at 80°C. Introduction of amino groups to QD/SiO 2 particle surfaces was performed using (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (QD/SiO 2 -NH 2 ). The QD/SiO 2 /Au particles were fabricated by mixing the Au particle colloid solution and the QD/SiO 2 -NH 2 particle colloid solution. Values of radiant efficiency and computed tomography for the QD/ SiO 2 /Au particle colloid solution were 2.23 9 10 7 (p/s/ cm 2 /sr)/(lW/cm 2 ) at a QD concentration of 8 9 10 -7 M and 1180 ± 314 Hounsfield units and an Au concentration of 5.4 9 10 -2 M. The QD/SiO 2 /Au particle colloid solution was injected into a mouse chest wall. Fluorescence emitted from the colloid solution could be detected on the skin covering the chest wall. The colloid solution could also be X-ray-imaged in the chest wall. Consequently, the QD/SiO 2 /Au particle colloid solution was found to have dual functions, i.e., fluorescence emission and X-ray absorption in vivo, which makes the colloid solution suitable to function as a contrast agent for dual imaging processes.

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X-ray-Computed Tomography Contrast Agents

Cited by 866 publications

References 265 publications

Micro-Scale Distribution of CA4+ in Ex vivo Human Articular Cartilage Detected with Contrast-Enhanced Micro-Computed Tomography Imaging

Micro-Scale Distribution of CA4+ in Ex vivo Human Articular Cartilage Detected with Contrast-Enhanced Micro-Computed Tomography Imaging

Synthesis, Functionalization, and Design of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications

Fabrication of quantum dot/silica core–shell particles immobilizing Au nanoparticles and their dual imaging functions

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