Wound healing effect of Euphorbia hirta linn. (Euphorbiaceae) in alloxan induced diabetic rats

Abstract

Background Euphorbia hirta linn., is a species of Euphorbiaceae family. They are known as asthma plant, barokhervi. The plant E. hirta is famous for its medicinal importance among the tribal population. It is a common practice to use the whole to heal wounds. Several pharmacological properties including antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antidibetic, antispasmodic, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anticonvulsant, nootropic, antifertility and aphrodisiac properties have already been reported for this plant. The aim of present work was to evaluate the wound healing property in diabetic animals by oral and topical administration of ethanolic extract of E. hirta whole plant.MethodsThe ethanolic extract of E. hirta was subjected to determine the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content using galic acid and quercetin, respectively as standard. A single injection of alloxan monohydrate (120 mg/kg, i.p.) prepared in normal saline was administered to produce diabetes in rats, after overnight fasting. For analyzing the rate of contraction of wound, excision wounds sized 4.90cm2 and of 2 mm depth were used. Oral (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day; p.o.) and topical treatment with the extract (5% and 10% ointment 50 mg/kg/day) and standard (5% povidone iodine ointment 50 mg/kg/day) was started on the day of induction of wound and continued up to 16 days. The means of wound area measurement between groups at different time intervals were compared using ANOVA and Dunnet’s test. The diabetic wound healing mechanism was studied by measuring the plasma level of glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) in both control and treated groups. For the confirmation of activity, histopathology of the wounds tissues from excision wound model was performed.ResultsPhytochemical investigations showed the presence of various phytoconstituents (carbohydrates, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, tannins). In the ethanolic extract of E. hirta the total phenol content was 285 ± 3.22 mg/g whereas the total flavonoid content was 118.46 ± 1.85 mg/g. In the present study, E. hirta caused significant wound closer both orally (35.92%, 44.69% and 61.42% at the doses of 100, 200 and 400, respectively) and topically (32.86% and 36.32% at the doses of 5% and 10%) treated groups as compared to diabetic control. However, the orally treated groups showed more significant effect than the topically treated groups. Moreover, oral administration of E. hirta ethanolic extract significantly reduced the blood glucose levels in diabetic wound rats (p < 0.01) on day 8 and day 16 as compared to the diabetic wound control (p < 0.01). On the other hand, topical application of E. hirta did not influence the blood glucose levels in diabetic rats (p > 0.05). It also demonstrated a significant decrease in the plasma levels of lipid malondialdehyde and nitric oxide. The results of biochemical parameters were further supported by the histopathological changes of different organs (liver, pancrease, kidney, heart and skin from wound area) which ...

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“…Phase two counted for two to up to six hours and larger edema formation occur characterized by redness and swelling. This inflammatory action was due to various inflammatory chemicals like prostaglandin, prostacyclin, and leukotriene followed by the pathway COX 2 mechanism [22,[70][71][72][73]. Noticeably Figure 1(a) group was distilled water treated paw with no carrageenan injection which demonstrated damaged tissue and was conserved for the identification of dermal collagen and leukocytes.…”

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“…E. hirta is belonging to Euphorbiaeceae family and known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antifertility, antimicrobial, antiarthritic, antipyretic, and hepatoprotective potential. [17][18][19][20][21]27] Recent reports also revealed the antidiabetic potential of E. hirta in laboratory animals. [27] A recent study suggests that the flavonoid content present in E. hirta may responsible for its α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities.…”

“…[15,16] However, E. hirta (Euphorbiaceae), vernacularly called as Dudhi or Dudhanim, has unique combination of possible therapeutic action including antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antiobesity. [17][18][19][20][21] E. hirta extensively found in the Western Ghats and Northeastern banks of Tamil Nadu, India. [22] E. hirta has been proclaimed to hold alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and flavonoids.…”

“…[17,[23][24][25][26] Moreover, the presence of numerous chief chemical constituents in E. hirta including quercetrin, polyphenolic flavonoid, and palmitic acid confirmed its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antiobesity, and antidiabetic potential of this folk medicine. [17][18][19][20][21] The antihyperglycemic activity can block the associated complications, and thus, the herbal extract of E. hirta may produce the pivotal action against DM and associated cardiorenal diseases. Indeed, the therapeutic potential of E. hirta against DM-associated cardiorenal toxicity is still unexplored; hence, this present study has designed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic and associated cardiorenal effect of E. hirta in diabetic rats.…”

“…Group 3: Drug per se group received only ethanolic extract of E. hirta leaves (400 mg/kg/p.o) [20,27] throughout the study.…”