World Survey on the Complications of Hepatic and Prostate Cryotherapy

Cryoablation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with High-Risk for Percutaneous Ablation: Safety and Efficacy

“…Cryoshock is a significant systemic adverse effect of cryoablation, which has been reported to occur in 1-2 % of all hepatic cryoablation [41,42]. We did not experience any case of cryoshock.…”

Correction of susceptibility-induced GRE phase shift for accurate PRFS thermometry proximal to cryoablation iceball

“…The proposed mechanisms of NFCI include direct axonal damage, ischaemia and ischaemia/reperfusion [17]. Cold immersion (1-2 • C) results [17] showed that large myelinated fibres were preferentially dam- (1,2,3) with/without susceptibility correction plotted against the ice-ball size (radius, volume). Circle symbols indicate the uncorrected values and cross symbols the corrected values, respectively.…”

“…Cryoablation is a promising minimally invasive therapy used to treat malignancies in various organs, and has gained large acceptance in the treatment of prostate and liver cancer [1].…”

Liver ablation techniques: a review

“…This is a systemic response to ablation which consists of a marked thrombocytopenia (thought to be secondary to the repeated freeze-thaw cycles) which leads to coagulopathies, pleural effusions, Acute Respiratory Distress syndrome (ARDS)-like syndrome and myoglobinuria. The incidence of cryoshock is difficult to estimate, but reports in the literature suggest a mortality rate of between 0% to 8%, although a large multicentre survey suggested it was responsible for 18% of the peri-operative deaths [52]. There is also a surprisingly high rate of local complications such as haemorrhage (from cracking of frozen liver), subphrenic abscesses, bilomas and biliary fistulae.…”