Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis of Pseudorabies Virus Clinical Isolates from Pigs in China between 2012 and 2017 in China

Hu, Ruiming; Wang, Leyi; Liu, Qingyun; Lin, Hua; Huang, Xi; Zhang, Yue; Fan, Jie; Chen, Hongjian; Song, Wenbo; Liang, Wan; Ding, Nengshui; Li, Zuohua; Ding, Zhen; Tang, Xibiao; Peng, Zhong; Wu, Bin

doi:10.3390/v13071322

Cited by 11 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Te PRV strain HeN21 was isolated from the tonsil of a 24-week-old pig that died from severe neuronal and respiratory signs in a PRV-outbreak farm in China in 2021; HuB20 and HBJZ-44-2021 were isolated from the lung and lymph node of two pigs with symptoms in two pig farms in Central China in 2020 and 2021, respectively; JSZL-2018 was isolated from the brain of a baby pig in Eastern China in 2018. Our previously collected PRV strains, including two variants (HuB1/ CHN2017 and SMX-2012) and two classical strains (Ea and Bartha-K61) [14], were also included as control viruses in this study. A total of 28 genome sequences downloaded from NCBI were used as reference genomes for bioinformatical analysis (Table S1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Pseudorabies Virus Associated with Severe Respiratory and Neuronal Signs in Old Pigs

Chen

Fan

Xie

et al. 2023

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

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Pseudorabies virus (PRV) represents a leading threat to the global pig industry. Generally, pigs exhibit a pronounced age resistance against PRV, and the virus generally does not cause severe clinical signs and even death in old pigs. However, we characterized two PRV strains (HeN21 and HuB20) associated with severe respiratory and neuronal signs in old pigs. Among these two strains, HeN21 was isolated from the tonsil of a 24-week-old pig that died from severe neuronal and respiratory signs in a PRV-outbreak farm where a commercial PRV attenuated vaccine developed based on a PRV variant was used; while, HuB20 was isolated from the lung and lymph node of a 20-week-old with symptoms in another farm where Bartha-K61 vaccine was used. In vitro evaluations in different cell models demonstrated that HeN21 and HuB20 led to similar cytotoxic effects to those caused by PRV variants on PK-15, Vero, and SK-N-SH cells after 30 hours of inoculation. However, HeN21 possessed a higher titer than the other PRV variants from the first to the fifth passage on PK-15 cells and induced plaques with larger size. In vivo assessments in mouse and fattening pig models showed that inoculations of HeN21 and HuB20 caused higher morbidity and mortality and severe pathological damages in tested animals. In particular, challenge of HeN21 led to severe respiratory and neuronal signs in 90-day-old pigs. These two strains displayed higher virus loads on the main organs of challenged mice and pigs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that HeN21 and HuB20 belonged to genotype II. In addition, recombinant events were identified in the genomes of HeN21 and HuB20, and several events were located within genes associated with PRV virulence. Our data herein may suggest the emergence of novel PRV strains in China.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whole genome sequencing was performed as previously described [14]. Viral DNA was extracted using a commercial DNA/RNA extraction kit (Vazyme, Nanjing, China) and was checked for quality and quantity by agarose gel electrophoresis and using a Qubit ® 2.0 Fluorometer (Termo Scientifc, US).…”

Section: Whole Genome Sequencing and Bioinformatical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Pseudorabies Virus Associated with Severe Respiratory and Neuronal Signs in Old Pigs

Chen

Fan

Xie

et al. 2023

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

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“…Natural mutation-selection could contribute to the diversity changes in the PRV strains in genotype II. Positive selection has been detected in the amino acid residues at site 43/75/505/834/848/908/922 of gB, site 348/575/578 of gE, and site 59/75/194 of gC but not in gD [ 36 , 38 , 39 ]. In addition, site 929/934 of gB, site 495/540 of gE, and site 59/75/76/191 of gC are involved in the adaptive evolution after cross-species transmission.…”

Section: Genotyping and Variation In Prvmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consistently, it has been reported that SC is a recombinant strain between the Chinese early local PRV isolate and the vaccine strain Bartha-K61 [ 45 ]. In our recombination analysis based on 55 PRV genomes, a total of 23 recombination events were identified, with 16 events observed between Bartha-K61 and the Chinese strains [ 39 ]. The vaccine strain Bartha-K61 has been widely used to control porcine pseudorabies in China for decades.…”

Section: Genotyping and Variation In Prvmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Epidemiology and Variation in Pseudorabies Virus: A Continuing Challenge to Pigs and Humans

Liu

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Pseudorabies virus (PRV) can infect most mammals and is well known for causing substantial economic losses in the pig industry. In addition to pigs, PRV infection usually leads to severe itching, central nervous system dysfunction, and 100% mortality in its non-natural hosts. It should be noted that increasing human cases of PRV infection have been reported in China since 2017, and these patients have generally suffered from nervous system damage and even death. Here, we reviewed the current prevalence and variation in PRV worldwide as well as the PRV-caused infections in animals and humans, and briefly summarized the vaccines and diagnostic methods used for pseudorabies control. Most countries, including China, have control programs in place for pseudorabies in domestic pigs, and thus, the disease is on the decline; however, PRV is still globally epizootic and an important pathogen for pigs. In countries where pseudorabies in domestic pigs have already been eliminated, the risk of PRV transmission by infected wild animals should be estimated and prevented. As a member of the alphaherpesviruses, PRV showed protein-coding variation that was relatively higher than that of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and its evolution was mainly contributed to by the frequent recombination observed between different genotypes or within the clade. Recombination events have promoted the generation of new variants, such as the variant strains resulting in the outbreak of pseudorabies in pigs in China, 2011. There have been 25 cases of PRV infections in humans reported in China since 2017, and they were considered to be infected by PRV variant strains. Although PRV infections have been sporadically reported in humans, their causal association remains to be determined. This review provided the latest epidemiological information on PRV for the better understanding, prevention, and treatment of pseudorabies.

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“…However, PRV variants emerged and spread in China since 2011, leading to huge economic losses ( An et al, 2013 ; Wu et al, 2013 ; Tong et al, 2015 ). Compared to classical virulent PRV, PRV variants were more pathogenic on pigs and commercial vaccines failed to provide complete protection against the variants ( Luo et al, 2014 ; Hu et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meclizine Inhibits Pseudorabies Virus Replication by Interfering With Virus Entry and Release

Liu

Yuan

et al. 2021

Front. Microbiol.

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Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a pathogen that causes substantial economic losses to the swine industry. With the emergence and widespread of PRV variants since 2011 in China, current commercial vaccines cannot provide complete protection against PRV infection. Therefore, antiviral drugs may work as an alternative way to control and prevent PRV. In this study, the inhibitory effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of meclizine against PRV were studied. Meclizine displayed a significant inhibitory effect against PRV when it was added before, simultaneously with, or after virus infection. The inhibitory effect of meclizine occurred during viral entry and cell-to-cell spreading but not at viral attachment into PK-15 cells. Meclizine also inhibited viral particle release at the late stage of infection. The antiviral effect of meclizine was tested in mice, and the results showed that meclizine reduced the severity of clinical symptoms and the viral loads in tissues, and delayed the death, after PRV challenge. The above results indicated that meclizine had an inhibitory effect on PRV. Our findings will contribute to the development of potential therapeutic drugs against PRV infection.

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Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis of Pseudorabies Virus Clinical Isolates from Pigs in China between 2012 and 2017 in China

Cited by 11 publications

References 70 publications

Characterization of Pseudorabies Virus Associated with Severe Respiratory and Neuronal Signs in Old Pigs

Characterization of Pseudorabies Virus Associated with Severe Respiratory and Neuronal Signs in Old Pigs

The Epidemiology and Variation in Pseudorabies Virus: A Continuing Challenge to Pigs and Humans

Meclizine Inhibits Pseudorabies Virus Replication by Interfering With Virus Entry and Release

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