Who took care of what? The gender division of unpaid work during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in France

Pasqualini, Marta; Folgueras, Marta Domínguez; Ferragina, Emanuele; Godechot, Olivier; Recchi, Ettore; Safi, Mirna

doi:10.4054/demres.2022.46.34

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…One finding unique to our study is the substitution of a parent gap for a gender gap in the risk of stress/depression. For women, and mothers in particular, COVID-19 studies point to unequal division of care responsibilities and housework as a likely driver of the increasing gender gradient in mental health [ 20 , 21 , 33 ]. Our finding could reflect this return to more traditionalist gender roles during the pandemic even in gender-egalitarian Denmark.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stress/depression across the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark

et al. 2023

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Background Global estimates suggest strained mental health during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, but the lack of nationally representative and longitudinal data with clinically validated measures limits knowledge longer into the pandemic. Methods Data from 10 rounds of nationally representative surveys from Denmark tracked trends in risk of stress/depression from just before the first lockdown and through to April 2022. We focused on age groups and men and women in different living arrangements and controlled for seasonality in mental health that could otherwise be spuriously related to pandemic intensity. Results Prior to first lockdown, we observed a “parent gap”, which closed with the first lockdown. Instead, a gender gap materialized, with women experiencing higher risks than men—and higher than levels predating first lockdown. Older respondents (+ 70 years) experienced increasing risks of stress/depression early in the pandemic, while all other groups experienced decreases. But longer into the pandemic, risks increased for all age groups and reached (and sometimes exceeded) levels from before first lockdown. Conclusion Denmark had low infection rates throughout most of the pandemic, low mortality rates across the entire pandemic, and offered financial aid packages to curb financial strains. Despite this circumstance, initial improvements to mental health during the first lockdown in Denmark were short-lived. Two years of pandemic societal restrictions correspond with deteriorating mental health, as well as a change from a parenthood gap in mental health before first lockdown to a gender gap two years into the pandemic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The age and gender gradients in COVID-19 mortality risk [ 19 ] could lead to differences in mental strain across those characteristics. Similarly, gendered division of home schooling and housework [ 20 , 21 ] may have imposed different constraints across gender and living arrangements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress/depression across the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark

et al. 2023

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“…It is argued that the transfer of institutional responsibilities (e.g., loss of daycare support, homeschooling) to the family sphere leads to stagnation or regression in the traditional "male breadwinner, female caregiver" specialization (Collins et al, 2021). This stagnation/regression hypothesis has received some empirical support (e.g., Pasqualini et al, 2022;Petts et al, 2021). The mixed findings call for research from diverse sociocultural contexts to investigate how father involvement responds to changing work arrangements during the pandemic.…”

Section: Work Arrangements Father Involvement and The Impact Of Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Work arrangements and father involvement during COVID‐19 lockdown: A mixed methods study

Hong

Pan

et al. 2023

Family Relations

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ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine how father involvement and family relationships changed during the COVID‐19 lockdown and their relations to fathers' work arrangements.BackgroundThe COVID‐19 pandemic has transformed how parents arrange their work and family in China and elsewhere. Many fathers, once working long hours at the workplace, had to adjust their work arrangements, working reduced hours or working from home.MethodThis study used a mixed methods design. Participants were parents of preschool or school‐age children in China. In Study 1, 31 mothers were interviewed about the change in father involvement and family relationships during the COVID‐19 lockdown compared with pre‐COVID‐19. In Study 2, a sample of father–mother dyads (N = 637) completed survey measures of work arrangements, father involvement, and family relationships.ResultsStudy 1 suggested increased father involvement and improved family relationships amid the lockdown and highlighted the role of fathers' work. Study 2 revealed that fathers' changed work arrangements (i.e., working from home) were associated with higher father involvement and more positive family relationships during the lockdown. Father involvement may mediate the associations between fathers' work arrangements and father–child closeness as well as mothers' marital satisfaction.Conclusion and ImplicationsWorking from home could promote involved fathering and stronger family relationships, strengthening the family's overall capacity to combat the stressors and challenges brought by the COVID‐19 pandemic.

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“…The general research results on gender influence on women's fertility intention believe that women are more reluctant to have children than men under the two-child or three-child policy. Among them, the closer a woman is to her ideal childbearing age, the stronger her intention to bear children will be [13].There are many internal reasons for women's reluctance to have children, such as age, annual family income, household registration type, spouse's share of housework [14,15], and women's work-childbearing conflict [16], material support from elders and support for taking care of children female subjective and objective social stratification and traditional gender concepts, all significantly affecting women's fertility intention and decision-making [17][18][19].…”

Section: Literature Review and Research Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of COVID-19 on intention of third-child in China: An empirical analysis based on survey data

Qian

2022

Preprint

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Background: Against the grim background of an accelerating aging population and a declining intention to have children, the ravages of COVID-19 have pushed China and the world into a more complex social environment. To adapt to the new situation, the Chinese government has implemented the three-child policy in 2021. Objective：The continuous control of the pandemic will be an inevitable factor for social, economic and population development for a long time in the future. In this context, this paper explores the question that will COVID-19 pandemic affect Chinese people's intention to have a third child? And What are the relevant factors inside? Method: The data in this paper are from the Survey released by PDPR-CTBU , which including a total of 10,515 samples from mainland of China. This paper uses the logit regression model and KHB model to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and other factors on Chinese residents' intention to have a third child. RESULTS：The results suggest that COVID-19 pandemic has a significant negative effect on Chinese residents' intention to have a third child. In-depth research on the mediating effect of KHB shows that COVID-19 pandemic will further inhibit residents' intention to have a third child by affecting their childcare arrangements, increasing their childcare costs, and increasing their exposure to occupational hazards. Conclusions：This paper is more pioneering in focusing on the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the intention to have three children in China. The study provides empirical evidence for understanding the impact of COVID-19 epidemic on fertility intentions, albeit in the context of policy support.

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Who took care of what? The gender division of unpaid work during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in France

Cited by 9 publications

References 61 publications

Stress/depression across the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark

Stress/depression across the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark

Work arrangements and father involvement during COVID‐19 lockdown: A mixed methods study

The impact of COVID-19 on intention of third-child in China: An empirical analysis based on survey data

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