Whiteness and Social Class: Intersections and Implications

Something Old and Something New: Future Directions in Vocational Research With People of Color in the United States

“…More specific and contextualized measures of social class and experiences of classism among people of color are also needed (Brannon, Higginbotham, & Henderson, 2017;Brannon & Markus, 2013;Diemer, Mistry, Wadsworth, López, & Reimers, 2013;W. M. Liu, 2013), given the historically racialized and gendered nature of economic oppression in the United States (Acker, 2006;Glenn, 2009) and the overrepresentation of working-class White men in discussions of economic disadvantage (Draut, 2018b;Spanierman, Garriott, & Clark, 2013). The relative invisibility of people of color, particularly women of color and LBGTQIþ people of color, in social class research is especially striking since Whites make up only half of the members of the U.S. working class ages 25-34, down from 60% in 2000 (Draut, 2018b).…”

Roles and Responsibilities of White Allies: Implications for Research, Teaching, and Practice

“…They have, for example, shed further light on the prevailing ideology of racial colorblindness (Neville, Awad, Brooks, Flores, & Bluemel, 2013; Neville, Lilly, Duran, Lee, & Browne, 2000); the implications of Whiteness for counseling, supervision, and teaching (Utsey, Gernat, & Hammar, 2005); and the psychosocial costs to Whites of being dominant group members in a racial hierarchy (Spanierman & Heppner, 2004). More recently, counseling psychologists have explored mechanisms for developing positive racial attitudes among White individuals (Garriott, Reiter, & Brownfield, 2016; Soble, Spanierman, & Liao, 2011), examining intersecting social group identities (Kleiman, Spanierman, & Smith, 2015; Spanierman, Garriott, & Clark, 2013), and understanding the experiences of White antiracist activists (Kordesh, Spanierman, & Neville, 2013; Smith & Redington, 2010).…”

Construction and Validation of the Legitimizing Income Inequality Scale

“…Indeed, current census bureau community survey data continues to show that approximately 21% of Black Americans live below the poverty line, compared to only 8% of White Americans (Semega et al, 2019). This social trend can be explained by the historical and contemporary treatment of Whiteness as a material benefit (Spanierman et al, 2013).…”

“…Indeed, attitudes toward welfare benefits and racial biases are intertwined, as People of Color experience some of the highest rates of poverty and are disproportionately represented in the lowest income brackets in the United States (Macartney et al, 2013; Santiago et al, 2012). Thus, beliefs about social welfare programs are inextricably linked to structural racism and White supremacy ideology (Spanierman et al, 2013).…”