When does the spheno‐occipital synchondrosis close?

Abstract

In forensic work, the spheno‐occipital synchondrosis helps identify the deceased as a child or young adult. In the past, it was generally held that the synchondrosis closed between the late teens and 25 years, but recent studies have suggested closure in adolescence. There are also suggestions that the age at closure recorded might be influenced by ancestry and the technique used to study the joint. This comprehensive review of the literature of the past 60 years concludes that the age of closure of the spheno‐occipital synchondrosis is very variable, from childhood to the mid‐twenties, with no obvious association with the geographical location of the study population. We note that some studies on bony specimens indicated later closure than others using clinical images and draw attention to a possible misinterpretation of the so‐called “fusion scar” which might explain this incongruity. Despite an increasing acceptance that the synchondrosis usually closes in adolescence, we are concerned that insufficient heed is being paid to reports of closure in childhood and in the early to mid‐twenties. We conclude that, for forensic purposes, it is unwise to declare that the synchondrosis closes in adolescence. It would be safer to state that a closed synchondrosis indicates a person 6 years or over and that an open synchondrosis may be seen up to the mid‐twenties. Clearly, for younger individuals, the dentition and, for all individuals in this age range, documentation of unfused postcranial epiphyses would be important in attempting to narrow this very broad estimation of age.

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“…Considering forensic and anatomical studies starting from 1960, the slight differences in finding the complete closure between the two bones depends on the geographical area where the research was carried out; rare exceptions remain, where SOS is still patent [ 22 ]. The ossification or closure of the SOS is a full bony fusion between the occiput and the sphenoid bone [ 22 ].…”

“…Considering forensic and anatomical studies starting from 1960, the slight differences in finding the complete closure between the two bones depends on the geographical area where the research was carried out; rare exceptions remain, where SOS is still patent [ 22 ]. The ossification or closure of the SOS is a full bony fusion between the occiput and the sphenoid bone [ 22 ]. The closure of the SOS, through instrumental investigations, could be invisible or be identified as a "fusion scar"; the latter is a radiodense line reflecting a superficial groove where the SOS was [ 22 ].…”

“…The ossification or closure of the SOS is a full bony fusion between the occiput and the sphenoid bone [ 22 ]. The closure of the SOS, through instrumental investigations, could be invisible or be identified as a "fusion scar"; the latter is a radiodense line reflecting a superficial groove where the SOS was [ 22 ]. When SOS is ossified it becomes a single bone, like the diaphysis of a tibia: there is no flexion-extension or any other movement (Figure 2 ) [ 23 ].…”