When do co-infections matter?

McArdle, Andrew; Turkova, Anna; Cunnington, Aubrey J.

doi:10.1097/qco.0000000000000447

Cited by 77 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Concurrent infections are common, and co-infection can result in antagonism or synergism among infecting agents [29][30][31]. Even apparently simple interactions can produce a diversity of outcomes.…”

Section: Interactions Between Low Numbers Of Symbiontsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pathobiome in Animal and Plant Diseases

Bass

Stentiford

Wang

et al. 2019

Trends in Ecology & Evolution

224

189

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A growing awareness of the diversity and ubiquity of microbes (eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses) associated with larger 'host' organisms has led to the realisation that many diseases thought to be caused by one primary agent are the result of interactions between multiple taxa and the host. Even where a primary agent can be identified, its effect is often moderated by other symbionts. Therefore, the one pathogen-one disease paradigm is shifting towards the pathobiome concept, integrating the interaction of multiple symbionts, host, and environment in a new understanding of disease aetiology. Taxonomically, pathobiomes are variable across host species, ecology, tissue type, and time. Therefore, a more functionally driven understanding of pathobiotic systems is necessary, based on gene expression, metabolic interactions, and ecological processes. Disease in a Microbe-Dominated World The pathobiome (see Glossary) concept arose from human studies in which disruption of a healthpromoting and ecologically stable gut microbiome resulted in dysbiosis: a microbiome community of low-diversity and modified metabolic state, exposing the gut to invasion by, and proliferation of, pathogenic agents [1,2]. Dysbiotic communities can subvert the immune system and lead to further deleterious effects [3]. This concept is being adopted for research into the pathology of other animals and plants because attempts to explain syndromic conditions by identifying a single pathogenic agent are often incomplete (i.e., the one pathogen-one disease paradigm is often insufficient to explain many diseases [4-6]). Pathobiomes differ from those assemblages representing healthy or 'normal' states. What is 'normal' likely encompasses a range of assemblages that need to be understood before a pathobiome can be reliably distinguished from them. There is a lack of consistency in defining 'pathobiome' in the literature, ranging from a single pathogenic agent interacting with its biotic and abiotic environments (e.g., [5]) to the effects of interacting communities of microbes on host health [7]. Our synthesis (Box 1) is based on the effects of multiple symbionts, across all domains of life, on host health. The term 'microbiome' generally excludes eukaryotes; therefore, in this review, we use the term 'symbiome' to describe the whole assemblage of associated organisms excluding the host, and 'symbiont' for individual taxa within that assemblage. This definition is concordant with an inclusive scheme of symbiosis acknowledged in [9], which ranges from neutralism (neutral effect on both partners) to mutual beneficial effects and mutual antagonistic effects, and all other possible combinations of neutral, beneficial, and antagonistic effects. The duration of the association need not necessarily be long-term, as interactions can be effective on even short timescales; great variability in duration of association is both possible and likely. This inclusive definition is not inconsistent with some previous usages of the term, and is required by the large div...

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Section: Interactions Between Low Numbers Of Symbiontsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pathobiome in Animal and Plant Diseases

Bass

Stentiford

Wang

et al. 2019

Trends in Ecology & Evolution

224

189

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…3 Co-infections and superinfections are common in respiratory viral infections. 4,5 According to the laboratory, clinical, and epidemiological studies, secondary or bacterial co-infections with other viruses can significantly increase the mortality rate in patients infected with viral infections. 6,7 It has previously documented that the mortality rate of viral infections can be influenced by different factors, such as bacterial co-infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial co‐infections with SARS‐CoV‐2

et al. 2020

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The pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has affected millions of people worldwide. To date, there are no proven effective therapies for this virus. Efforts made to develop antiviral strategies for the treatment of COVID‐19 are underway. Respiratory viral infections, such as influenza, predispose patients to co‐infections and these lead to increased disease severity and mortality. Numerous types of antibiotics such as azithromycin have been employed for the prevention and treatment of bacterial co‐infection and secondary bacterial infections in patients with a viral respiratory infection (e.g., SARS‐CoV‐2). Although antibiotics do not directly affect SARS‐CoV‐2, viral respiratory infections often result in bacterial pneumonia. It is possible that some patients die from bacterial co‐infection rather than virus itself. To date, a considerable number of bacterial strains have been resistant to various antibiotics such as azithromycin, and the overuse could render those or other antibiotics even less effective. Therefore, bacterial co‐infection and secondary bacterial infection are considered critical risk factors for the severity and mortality rates of COVID‐19. Also, the antibiotic‐resistant as a result of overusing must be considered. In this review, we will summarize the bacterial co‐infection and secondary bacterial infection in some featured respiratory viral infections, especially COVID‐19.

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“…Owing to the ubiquity of coinfecting parasites and their potential impact on disease outcomes, biodiversity and host-parasite coevolution, there is a growing interest in revealing the mechanisms underlying the interactions between them (McArdle et al, 2018;Pedersen and Fenton, 2007;Rynkiewicz et al, 2015;Seppälä and Jokela, 2016;Telfer et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dynamics between limited-term and lifelong coinfecting bacterial parasites in wild rodent hosts

Eidelman

Cohen

Navarro-Castilla

et al. 2019

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Interactions between coinfecting parasites may take various forms, either direct or indirect, facilitative or competitive, and may be mediated by either bottom-up or top-down mechanisms. Although each form of interaction leads to different evolutionary and ecological outcomes, it is challenging to tease them apart throughout the infection period. To establish the first step towards a mechanistic understanding of the interactions between coinfecting limited-term bacterial parasites and lifelong bacterial parasites, we studied the coinfection of Bartonella sp. (limited-term) and Mycoplasma sp. (lifelong), which commonly co-occur in wild rodents. We infected Bartonella-and Mycoplasma-free rodents with each species, and simultaneously with both, and quantified the infection dynamics and host responses. Bartonella benefited from the interaction; its infection load decreased more slowly in coinfected rodents than in rodents infected with Bartonella alone. There were no indications for bottomup effects, but coinfected rodents experienced various changes, depending on the infection stage, in their body mass, stress levels and activity pattern, which may further affect bacterial replication and transmission. Interestingly, the infection dynamics and changes in the average coinfected rodent traits were more similar to the chronic effects of Mycoplasma infection, whereas coinfection uniquely impaired the host's physiological and behavioral stability. These results suggest that parasites with distinct life history strategies may interact, and their interaction may be asymmetric, non-additive, multifaceted and dynamic through time. Because multiple, sometimes contrasting, forms of interactions are simultaneously at play and their relative importance alternates throughout the course of infection, the overall outcome may change under different ecological conditions.

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When do co-infections matter?

Cited by 77 publications

References 66 publications

The Pathobiome in Animal and Plant Diseases

The Pathobiome in Animal and Plant Diseases

Bacterial co‐infections with SARS‐CoV‐2

The dynamics between limited-term and lifelong coinfecting bacterial parasites in wild rodent hosts

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