“…Attempted definitions for heterodox economics range from any economic paradigm that is in opposition to the mainstream theory (Dequech, 2007(Dequech, , 2012Lawson, 2006;Mearman, 2011;Mearman et al, 2019) to ontological similarities that underlie all heterodox schools of economic thought (Lawson, 2006) such as, for example, plurality of theory and methodology (Dow, 2008;Mearman et al, 2019) and a rejection of deductivist methods (Lawson, 2006) that are inadequate for the explanation of social systems (Fine, 2019;Lawson, 2006). Research as to what exactly constitutes heterodox economics is ongoing (Mearman et al, 2019). Hence, for the purpose, here, we will focus on explaining what constitutes a heterodox economic theory, which is geared towards the aim of this paper, in understanding modern capitalist economies and specifically the crises within them.…”