What are the greatest health challenges facing people who are incarcerated? We need to ask them

Rich, Josiah D.; Brinkley‐Rubinstein, Lauren

doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(21)00074-8

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…At study onset, there were no validated instruments to examine confinement conditions among incarcerated individuals during the pandemic; therefore, we developed a survey of COVID-19 safety, basic needs, support, and demographic factors. Questions were developed based on carceral system mitigation strategies, CDC guidelines, 14 community-informed concerns, 23 anecdotal evidence, and surveys targeting the general population.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditions of Confinement in U.S. Carceral Facilities During COVID-19: Individuals Speak—Incarcerated During the COVID-19 Epidemic

et al. 2023

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Objectives: We aimed to describe conditions of confinement among people incarcerated in the United States during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic using a community-science data collection approach. Methods: We developed a web-based survey with community partners to collect information on confinement conditions (COVID-19 safety, basic needs, support). Formerly incarcerated adults released after March 1, 2020, or nonincarcerated adults in communication with an incarcerated person (proxy) were recruited through social media from July 25, 2020 to March 27, 2021. Descriptive statistics were estimated in aggregate and separately by proxy or formerly incarcerated status. Responses between proxy and formerly incarcerated respondents were compared using Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests based on α=0.05. Results: Of 378 responses, 94% were by proxy, and 76% reflected state prison conditions. Participants reported inability to physically distance (≥6 ft at all times; 92%), inadequate access to soap (89%), water (46%), toilet paper (49%), and showers (68%) for incarcerated people. Among those receiving prepandemic mental health care, 75% reported reduced care for incarcerated people. Responses were consistent between formerly incarcerated and proxy respondents, although responses by formerly incarcerated people were limited. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a web-based community-science data collection approach through nonincarcerated community members is feasible; however, recruitment of recently released individuals may require additional resources. Our data obtained primarily through individuals in communication with an incarcerated person suggest COVID-19 safety and basic needs were not sufficiently addressed within some carceral settings in 2020–2021. The perspectives of incarcerated individuals should be leveraged in assessing crisis–response strategies.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditions of Confinement in U.S. Carceral Facilities During COVID-19: Individuals Speak—Incarcerated During the COVID-19 Epidemic

et al. 2023

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“…When researching this topic, it was clear that evidence is lacking to understand the burden of neurological disease among incarcerated populations. There is historically limited participation of incarcerated persons in research, with recent calls to engage them more in health research and advocacy [84]. There is some evidence indicating that certain neurological conditions have prevalences similar to what is seen in the…”

Section: Infectious Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit Bias and Health Disparities in the Incarcerated Population: A Review With a Focus on Neurological Care and the Canadian Perspective

et al. 2022

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Implicit bias held by health care providers can adversely affect the care provided to vulnerable populations and contribute to existing healthcare inequities. Few reports exist on the health of incarcerated individuals. We herein aimed to report how implicit bias affects the care of incarcerated and detained individuals, especially for those experiencing neurological diseases. We frame our review by providing an overview of the organization of the Canadian correctional system and of its population. We highlight the flagrant overrepresentation of Indigenous people and racialized groups in Canadian prisons, which is germane to the healthcare in this population, particularly when viewed through the lens of intersectionality. We also discuss health disparities between incarcerated individuals and the general population, whether it be in terms of neurological, psychiatric, or infectious diseases. Factors other than implicit bias found to affect medical care for these individuals include the perception of safety issues for both healthcare providers and patients in hospital and clinic settings, as well as resource limitations, confounding psychiatric comorbidities and non-organic disorders, and systemic barriers to adequate followup in this population. Using illustrative cases from our institution's experience, paired with findings from our review of the literature, we demonstrate that incarcerated or detained individuals represent a vulnerable group disadvantaged through a series of inequitable policies and actions, which put this group at higher risk of poor general and neurological health. Data specific to neurological diseases in this population are lacking, especially pertaining to long-term healthcare experiences and outcomes. In addition to highlighting literature gaps in this population, we propose ways in which barriers to care can be addressed, such as the development of multidisciplinary care teams to facilitate care and follow-up in these populations. Healthcare providers should make use of opportunities presented to diagnose and treat diseases in this population. Follow-up by specializing nursing and physician teams, as well as care during incarceration by medical and rehabilitation team members including occupational and physiotherapists may help build bridges between healthcare and carceral institutions. Education to raise awareness of implicit bias and mitigation strategies amongst health care providers is another way in which care provided to incarcerated individuals can be improved.

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“…-Leslie Credle At study onset, there were no validated instruments to examine confinement conditions among incarcerated individuals during the pandemic; therefore, we developed a novel survey across four domains: COVID-19 safety, basic needs, support, and demographics factors. Each domain was developed based on carceral system mitigation strategies, Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines, 14 community-informed concerns of CAB members, 20 publicly available anecdotal evidence, and surveys targeting the general population.…”

Section: Instrument Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditions of Confinement in U.S. Carceral Facilities during COVID-19: Individuals Speak: Incarcerated during the COVID-19 Epidemic (INSIDE)

Cassarino

Dabbara

Monteiro

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Objectives: We aimed to describe conditions of confinement among people incarcerated in the United States during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and assess the feasibility of a community science data collection approach. Methods: We developed a web-based survey with community partners to collect information on confinement conditions (COVID-19 safety, basic needs, support). Formerly incarcerated adults released after March 1, 2020, or non-incarcerated adults in communication with an incarcerated person (proxy) were recruited through social media from July 25, 2020, through March 27, 2021. Descriptive statistics were estimated in aggregate and separately by proxy or formerly incarcerated status. Additionally, we compared responses between proxy and formerly incarcerated respondents using chi-square or Fisher's exact tests as appropriate based on alpha=0.05. Results: Of 378 responses, 94% were by proxy, and 76% reflected state prison conditions. Participants reported inability to physically distance (>6ft at all times) (92%), inadequate access to soap (89%), water (46%), toilet paper (49%) and showers (68%). Among people who received mental healthcare before the pandemic, 75% reported reduced care. We found that responses were consistent between formerly incarcerated people and proxy-respondents. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a community-science approach to data collection is feasible. Based on these findings, COVID-19 safety and basic needs were not sufficiently addressed within some carceral settings. Thus, we recommend the lived experiences of incarcerated individuals should be included to make informed and equitable policy decisions.

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What are the greatest health challenges facing people who are incarcerated? We need to ask them

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

Conditions of Confinement in U.S. Carceral Facilities During COVID-19: Individuals Speak—Incarcerated During the COVID-19 Epidemic

Conditions of Confinement in U.S. Carceral Facilities During COVID-19: Individuals Speak—Incarcerated During the COVID-19 Epidemic

Implicit Bias and Health Disparities in the Incarcerated Population: A Review With a Focus on Neurological Care and the Canadian Perspective

Conditions of Confinement in U.S. Carceral Facilities during COVID-19: Individuals Speak: Incarcerated during the COVID-19 Epidemic (INSIDE)

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