Were the Larsemann Hills ice-free through the Last Glacial Maximum?

Abstract

Lake sediments in the Larsemann Hills contain a great diversity ofbiological and physical markers from which past environments can be inferred. In order to determine the timing of environmental changes it is essential to have accurate dating of sediments. We used radiometric (*loPb and I3'Cs), radiocarbon (AMS "C) and uranium series (2'*U) methods to date cores from eleven lakes. These were sampled on coastal to inland transects across the two mainpeninsulas, Broknes and Stornes, together with a single sample from the Bolingen Islands. Radiometric dating of recent sediments yielded *"Pb levels below acceptable detection limits. However, a relatively well-defined peak in I3'Cs gave a date marker which corresponds to the fallout maximum from the atmospheric testing of atomic weapons in 1964/65. Radiocarbon (AMS I4C) measurements showed stratigraphical consistency in the age-depth sequences and undisturbed laminae in some cores provides evidence that the sediments have remained undisturbed by glacial action. In addition, freshwater surface sediments were found to be in near-equilibrium with modern I4CO, and not influenced by radiocarbon contaminationprocesses. This dating program, together with geomorphological records of ice flow directions and glacial sediments, indicates that parts of Broknes were ice-free throughout the Last Glacial Maximum and that some lakes have existed continuously since at least 44 ka BP. Attempts to date sediments older than44 ka BP usingZ3*U dating were inconclusive. However, supporting evidence for Broknes being ice-free is provided by an Optically Stimulated Luminescence date from a glaciofluvial deposit. In contrast, Stornes only became ice-free in the mid to late Holocene. This contrasting glacial history results from the D%lk Glacier which diverts ice around Broknes. Lakes onBroknes and some offshore islands therefore contain the oldest known lacustrine sediment records from eastern Antarctica, with the area providing an ice-free oasis and refuge for plants and animals throughoutthe Last Glacial Maximum. These sediments are therefore well placed to unravel a unique lirnnological sequence of environmental and climate changes in East Antarctica from the late Pleistocene to the present. This information may help better constrain models of current climate changes and ensure the adequate protection of these lakes and their catchments from the impacts of recent human occupation.

Paleoenvironments of a proglacial lake in Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica: Insights from quartz grain microtextures

“…This phenomenon is almost similar to that in the Larsemann Hills where the lakes were ice-free during 11.5 and 9.5 ka BP (Verleyen et al 2003(Verleyen et al , 2004a(Verleyen et al , 2004bHodgson et al 2004). This rise in temperature can be correlated with the commencement of the Holocene warming in other East Antarctic oases (Ingόlfsson et al 1998;Gore et al 2001;Hodgson et al 2001;Kirkup et al 2002). In and around our study area, we also demarcated the glacial-interglacial boundary at 12.3 ka BP.…”

Landscape evolution of Antarctica

“…Slight thickening occurs in Mac Robertson Land (Mackintosh et al, 2007), but the ice does not extend far offshore (O'Brien et al, 2001;Leventer et al, 2006). In agreement with such a limited expansion, the coastal oases of the Bunger Hills and the Larsemann Hills appear to have remained ice-free during the last glacial cycle Hodgson et al, 2001). In West Antarctica the Pleistocene behavior is markedly different.…”

Geothermal activity helps life survive glacial cycles

“…Geothermal heating in Antarctica is also known from the Broknes Peninsula in the Larsemann Hills region which, despite being nonvolcanic, has relatively warm Cambrian rock heated through radiogenic decay (71), and which lacustrine sedimentary (72) and microfossil (73) evidence suggests may have been an unusual, ice-free refugium at the LGM. Because this radiogenic decay will have been ongoing for millennia, Broknes Peninsula was classed as a long-lived geothermal region in our analyses.…”