“…English as the language of teaching and learning presents more than one hurdle for students from disadvantaged educational backgrounds with other challenges, including Quintile 1 schooling; homes without books or resources; parents who cannot help with tutoring or financing because they themselves were denied quality education under apartheid. At universities, the risk factors are associated with limited English proficiency (LEP), poor schooling and poverty (Pineteh, 2014;Sefalane-Nkohla & Mtonjeni, 2019). Being aware of these risk factors, such as inadequate preparation and poverty, a university must provide targeted support programmes that address such challenges.…”