Wax biosynthesis in response to danger: its regulation upon abiotic and biotic stress

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a stress hormone that accumulates under different abiotic and biotic stresses. A typical effect of ABA on leaves is to reduce transpirational water loss by closing stomata and parallelly defend against microbes by restricting their entry through stomatal pores. ABA can also promote the accumulation of polyamines, sphingolipids, and even proline. Stomatal closure by compounds other than ABA also helps plant defense against both abiotic and biotic stress factors. Further, ABA can interact with other hormones, such as methyl jasmonate (MJ) and salicylic acid (SA). Such cross-talk can be an additional factor in plant adaptations against environmental stresses and microbial pathogens. The present review highlights the recent progress in understanding ABA’s multifaceted role under stress conditions, particularly stomatal closure. We point out the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive carbonyl species (RCS), nitric oxide (NO), and Ca2+ in guard cells as key signaling components during the ABA-mediated short-term plant defense reactions. The rise in ROS, RCS, NO, and intracellular Ca2+ triggered by ABA can promote additional events involved in long-term adaptive measures, including gene expression, accumulation of compatible solutes to protect the cell, hypersensitive response (HR), and programmed cell death (PCD). Several pathogens can counteract and try to reopen stomata. Similarly, pathogens attempt to trigger PCD of host tissue to their benefit. Yet, ABA-induced effects independent of stomatal closure can delay the pathogen spread and infection within leaves. Stomatal closure and other ABA influences can be among the early steps of defense and a crucial component of plants’ innate immunity response. Stomatal guard cells are quite sensitive to environmental stress and are considered good model systems for signal transduction studies. Further research on the ABA-induced stomatal closure mechanism can help us design strategies for plant/crop adaptations to stress.

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“…waxes (Lewandowska et al, 2020) and trichomes (Fürstenberg-Hägg et al, 2013). ABA was involved in some of these responses.…”

Section: Stomatal Closure: a First Line Of Defense Against Diverse Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abscisic Acid-Induced Stomatal Closure: An Important Component of Plant Defense Against Abiotic and Biotic Stress

2021

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“…The model for the cuticular wax biosynthesis was built on Yeast and Rose. 2013, and Lewandowska et al, 2020 [ 8 , 49 ].…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the preformed defense, physical barriers such as spines, hairs, trichomes, thorns, and cuticles cover the aerial parts of plants [ 8 , 9 ]. In contrast, plant innate immunity acts as an example of induced defense.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis and Its Roles in Plant Disease Resistance

Wang

Kong

Zhi

et al. 2020

IJMS

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The aerial surface of higher plants is covered by a hydrophobic layer of cuticular waxes to protect plant tissues against enormous environmental challenges including the infection of various pathogens. As the first contact site between plants and pathogens, the layer of cuticular waxes could function as a plant physical barrier that limits the entry of pathogens, acts as a reservoir of signals to trigger plant defense responses, and even gives cues exploited by pathogens to initiate their infection processes. Past decades have seen unprecedented proceedings in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of plant cuticular waxes and their functions regulating plant–pathogen interactions. In this review, we summarized the recent progress in the molecular biology of cuticular wax biosynthesis and highlighted its multiple roles in plant disease resistance against bacterial, fungal, and insect pathogens.

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“…The epidermis forms a crucial barrier between a plant and its environment. It stops uncontrolled loss of water by evaporation or transpiration and protects underlying cells from solar radiation and pathogens (Lewandowska et al ., 2020). Overlying the leaf epidermis is the cuticle which consists of a matrix of cell wall proteins and carbohydrates, interweaved fatty acids with various chain lengths (known as cutin) and an outermost layer of wax, which varies in constituents and thickness depending on species and in response to environmental stimuli.…”

Section: Plants Lacking Osp1 Have Altered Wax Composition and Occludementioning

confidence: 99%

How the stomate got his pore: very long chain fatty acids and a structural cell wall protein sculpt the guard cell outer cuticular ledge

Hunt

Gray

2020

New Phytologist

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Wax biosynthesis in response to danger: its regulation upon abiotic and biotic stress

Cited by 233 publications

References 158 publications

Abscisic Acid-Induced Stomatal Closure: An Important Component of Plant Defense Against Abiotic and Biotic Stress

Abscisic Acid-Induced Stomatal Closure: An Important Component of Plant Defense Against Abiotic and Biotic Stress

Update on Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis and Its Roles in Plant Disease Resistance

How the stomate got his pore: very long chain fatty acids and a structural cell wall protein sculpt the guard cell outer cuticular ledge

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