Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: Review of worldwide outbreaks - An update 2011–2016

Efstratiou, Artemis; Ongerth, Jerry E.; Karanis, Panagiotis

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.036

Cited by 662 publications

(325 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…and Cryptosporidium spp. have been the main cause of this problem in recent decades [4,5,6,7]. These protozoans are gastrointestinal parasites of vertebrates, including humans, and the life cycle is completed in a single host with the production of cysts and oocysts: environmental stages excreted with feces [8,9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in feces and water and the associated exposure factors on dairy farms

et al. 2017

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The aims of this study were to verify the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in animal feces and drinking water on dairy farms and to identify a possible relation between the exposure factors and the presence of these parasites. Fecal samples from cattle and humans and water samples were collected on dairy farms in Paraná, Brazil. Analysis of (oo)cysts in the feces was performed by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining and centrifugal flotation in zinc sulfate. Test-positive samples were subjected to nested PCR amplification of the 18SSU ribosomal RNA gene for identification of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and of the gp60 gene for subtyping of Cryptosporidium. Microbiological analysis of water was carried out by the multiple-tube method and by means of a chromogenic substrate, and parasitological analysis was performed on 31 samples by direct immunofluorescence and nested PCR of the genes mentioned above. Identification of the species of Cryptosporidium was performed by sequencing and PCR with analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms. The prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium was higher in calves than in adults. Among the samples of cattle feces, Cryptosporidium parvum was identified in 41 (64%), C. ryanae in eight (12.5%), C. bovis in four (6.3%), C. andersoni in five (7.8%), and a mixed infection in 20 samples (31.3%). These parasites were not identified in the samples of human feces. Thermotolerant coliform bacteria were identified in 25 samples of water (45.5%). Giardia duodenalis and C. parvum were identified in three water samples. The gp60 gene analysis of C. parvum isolates revealed the presence of two strains (IIaA20G1R1 and IIaA17G2R2) in the fecal samples and one (IIaA17G2R1) in the water samples. The presence of coliforms was associated with the water source, structure and degradation of springs, rain, and turbidity. The prevalence of protozoa was higher in calves up to six months of age. C. parvum and G. duodenalis were identified in the water of dairy farms, as were thermotolerant coliforms; these findings point to the need for guidance on handling of animals, preservation of water sources, and water treatment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in feces and water and the associated exposure factors on dairy farms

et al. 2017

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“…Giardia has a global distribution and is a major contributor to the enormous burden of diarrheal diseases [5,12,13]. Giardiasis is a self-limiting disease in immunocompetent individuals with an incubation period of a few days up to 3 weeks.…”

Section: Symptoms Of the Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such environmental factors favor their transfer to aquifers, local privately farmed gardens, and open-air greenhouses. Waterborne distribution is estimated to be the main source of infection according to various studies of recent years [12,13,23]. The food-borne transmission to humans as well as through consumption of packed salads and/or green leaves by infected food-handlers has been reported [24,25].…”

Section: Transmission Routes Of Giardiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…duodenalis is one of the most prominent waterborne parasite worldwide and causative agent for several outbreaks in developing, developed, and industrialized countries with fatal consequences, mostly afecting the weakest of the population [12,13]. The lack of sanitation and health care in Third World nations where malnutrition due to scarcity of food is common leads to highest prevalence of giardiasis in the population.…”

Section: The Current Momentum Toward Lampmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification: An Advanced Method for the Detection of Giardia

Gallas-Lindemann¹,

Sureshkumar²,

Noack³

et al. 2017

Current Topics in Giardiasis

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This chapter provides a reliable and quick method for detection of Giardia duodenalis (which causes a dangerous diarrheal disease), prevention of further spreading, identiication of the source of contamination, and eventually minimize health risk and economic damage normally caused by an outbreak. The loop-mediated isothermal ampliication (LAMP) method is based on the enrichment of parasite-speciic nucleotide sequences, similar to PCR, but it is signiicantly faster and less susceptible to interference. Here, wegive an overview of how we developed this method, and using the example of G. duodenalis as a water-associated pathogen, we present an optimized examination scheme for its detection in water. For this purpose, we have analyzed data from extensive electronic libraries PubMed®/MEDLINE®, iltered out relevant articles with a keyword search, and summarized them. The number of publications on LAMP method has generally increased steadily since its irst report in 2000. LAMP, used for detection of Giardia, especially surpasses all other methods due to the high speciicity, sensitivity, robustness, and cost efectiveness. The ever-increasing number of publications on application of LAMP is similar to the development of PCR in the 1990s of the last century. Certainly, the method will be further developed in future, but it already ofers many advantages over other methods for efective detection of G. duodenalis infections and will therefore certainly gain in popularity.

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“…As infecções parasitárias diarreicas transmitidas pela água mais prevalentes em todo o mundo são a criptosporidiose e a giardíase [2][3][4] , causadas pelos protozoários patogênicos Giardia e Cryptosporidium, respectivamente. Esses protozoários e os vírus têm substituído as bactérias patogênicas como agentes de maior preocupação na transmissão de doenças de veiculação hídrica e, de modo geral, são mais infecciosos do que os agentes bacterianos 2,3,5,6 .…”

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QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA DE SISTEMA ALTERNATIVO COLETIVO DE ABASTECIMENTO PARA CONSUMO HUMANO: OCORRÊNCIA DE CISTOS DE Giardiae Oocistos DE Cryptosporidiumem POÇOS DE SÃO PAULO, SP.

Mastropaulo¹,

Razzolini²

2018

Rev. bras. ciênc. Saúde

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Os parâmetros físico-químicos demostraram que 38,2% das amostras não atendiam a portaria 2914/2011 do Ministério da Saúde. Verificouse a presença de coliformes termo tolerantes e de E. coli em uma amostra (2,9%). Os protozoários patogênicos estiveram presentes em uma frequência de 46% para Giardia e 7% para Cryptosporidium. Conclusão: Os padrões de potabilidade recomendados pela legislação vigente não foram atendidos em 41% das amostras, não sendo, portanto, adequadas para o consumo humano. Com relação aos protozoários patogênicos, verificou-se a sua ocorrência em águas subterrâneas utilizadas para consumo humano na cidade de São Paulo, colaborando para a reflexão do papel da vigilância ambiental e para a construção de políticas públicas que visem à qualidade da água distribuída à população a partir desses sistemas alternativos. (APHA 2012), respectively, totaling 34 samples. Thirteen samples were tested for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and Giardiaspp cysts according to immuno magnetic separation -immuno fluorescence assay (IMS-IFA) based on USEPA 1623.1 Method (USEPA, 2012), using Filta-Max® system. Results: The physical-chemical parameters showed that 38.2% of the samples did not meet the Brazilian legislation requirements (MS2914/2011). Ther motolerant coliforms and E. coli were present in one sample (2.9%). Pathogenic protozoa were present at a frequency of 46% for Giardia and 7% for Cryptosporidium. Conclusion: The drinking water standards recommended by current Brazilian legislation were not met in 41% of the samples, and are therefore not suitable for human consumption. Regarding the presence of pathogenic protozoa, Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo) cysts were found in ground water used for human consumption in the city of São Paulo. This fact brings thoughts referring to the role ofen viron mental surveillance and the development of public policies addressed to water quality, which is distributed from these alternative systems. DESCRITORES DESCRIPTORS

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Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: Review of worldwide outbreaks - An update 2011–2016

Cited by 662 publications

References 52 publications

Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in feces and water and the associated exposure factors on dairy farms

Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in feces and water and the associated exposure factors on dairy farms

Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification: An Advanced Method for the Detection of Giardia

QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA DE SISTEMA ALTERNATIVO COLETIVO DE ABASTECIMENTO PARA CONSUMO HUMANO: OCORRÊNCIA DE CISTOS DE Giardiae Oocistos DE Cryptosporidiumem POÇOS DE SÃO PAULO, SP.

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