Water pollution in the Middle Nile Delta, Egypt: An environmental study

El-Kowrany, Samy Ibrahim; Zamarany, Enas A. El; El-Nouby, Kholoud A; Elmehy, Dalia A.; Ali, Ehab A. Abo; Othman, Ahmad A.; Salah, Wesam; El-Ebiary, Ahmad A.

doi:10.1016/j.jare.2015.11.005

Cited by 62 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…However, the highest concentration of both parasites was reported in river water samples [48]. Both parasites were also detected in tap and treated water storage tanks in Ethiopia [22], springs in Cameroon [49], natural and communal piped water in Uganda [6], well, spring, tap and river waters in Zimbabwe [50], tap water, drinking water treatment plants in Egypt [24]. The correlation between the occurrence of cysts and water turbidity is also consistent with studies done elsewhere [47,51].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

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Public Health Implication of Drinking Water Sources Contaminated with Giardia and Cryptosporidium in South Ethiopia

Damitie

Santiago

Leyns

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: The concept of health is largely tied up with the quality of the ambient environment of human. There is a need to minimize the risks of environment to public health and comply with microbial contamination legislation stipulated by respective regulatory bodies. Though water borne protozoa are leading causes of diseases in socio-economically disadvantaged areas, less information is available about drinking water quality and its implication to the public. The present study aimed at characterizing the risks of Giardia and Cryptosporidium from water sources in southern Ethiopia.Methods: Twenty-one drinking water samples (10L per source) were collected from five different types of water sources. Sample analysis was performed using immunofluorescence assay (IFA) with fluorescein isothiocyanate–monoclonal antibodies and nested PCR with tpi, SSU-rRNA and gp60 loci of the parasites. Statistical analysis was performed using Spearman’s rho correlation and independent-samples nonparametric test.The risk was characterized using quantitative microbial risk assessment. Results: The IFA and genotyping assays overall showed that Giardia was detected in 81% (17/21) of the samples with a mean concentration of 64.6 cysts.10 L-1 and Cryptosporidium in 71% (15/21) with a mean concentration of 62.8 oocysts.10 L-1. Out of the 17 Giardia positive water sources, Giardia duodenalis (assemblage B) was detected in 29.4%, assemblage A in 17.6% and assemblages A+B in 52.9% of the sources. Likewise, Cryptosporidium genotype was detected in 57.1% (12/21) of the sources; C. parvum in 38.1% (8/21) and C. hominis in 14.3% (3/21) of the sources. The average probability of illness from the water sources was 0.06 for Giardia and 0.22 for Cryptosporidium.Conclusions: The present finding highlights the significance of water for transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in southern Ethiopia. Genotypes detected in the water sources indicate that multiple sources likely contaminated the drinking water sources. The health risks that are inferred from the water sources to the public are significantly higher than most other reported findings. This study recommends the need of regular follow-up, improvement in water treatment facilities and setting appropriate legislation in areas where cycles of parasitic infection is linked to water sources.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts are ubiquitous in a variety of water sources and moist environmental settings [6,22,23,24,25]. Likewise, more than 300 million people in sub-Saharan Africa have poor access to safe water, which predisposes the peoples to infections from waterborne pathogens [26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public Health Implication of Drinking Water Sources Contaminated with Giardia and Cryptosporidium in South Ethiopia

Damitie

Santiago

Leyns

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…For tap water samples, lower detection rates were recorded in Egypt; 3.1% in Dakhahlia governorate [42] , and 13% in Gharbeya governorate [43] . However, the detection rate reaches 25% in Brazil [44] , 34.6% in Iran [45] and 41.6% in Baghdad [46] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Egypt, Giardia cysts were detected in different sources of potable water samples with a lower rate (2.1%) in Dakahlia governorate [52] and 7.4% in tap water samples in Gharbiya governorate [43] . Higher detection rates were reported on examination of different water sources in Argentina (31%) [47] and 41.7% in Brazil [44] , while a similar result (15.4%) was recorded in Iran [45].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection rates of waterborne protozoa in water sources from Fayoum Governorate

Sakran

El-Shahawy

Shalaby

et al. 2017

Parasitologists United Journal

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Background: Waterborne protozoal infections are common health problems in many parts of the world especially in developing countries. Water is a major vehicle for transmission of protozoa such as G. lamblia, Cryptosporidium spp. as well as pathogenic and opportunistic free living amoeba (FLA). Objective: This study aims to detect the presence of protozoal agents in tap water and storage water tanks at Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Material and Methods: A total of ninety five water samples were collected from different water sources, taps (65) and tanks (30), from 6 Fayoum districts. The samples were processed to detect the presence of G. lamblia cysts by Lugol's iodine stain, Cryptosporidium oocysts by modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain and FLA by cultivation. After cultivation, Acanthamoeba spp. were identified according to their morphological features and flagellation test was performed to detect amoeboflagellates. Results: All water samples collected from tanks (100%) were contaminated by protozoa of medical importance, while only 6 (9.2%) of the tap water samples were pathogen free. The majority of water samples were contaminated with mixed protozoal infections. The overall detection rates of contaminants in water sources were 86.3%, 52.6%, 13.7% by FLA, Cryptosporidium spp. and G. lamblia, respectively. Conclusions: The recorded detection rates of waterborne protozoa present a hazard to the community resulting in silent morbidities and mortalities. It is strongly recommended to adopt proper water safety measures.

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“…Waterborne pathogenic organisms include bacteria, protozoa and viruses. Heavy metal contamination of water is also a potential threat to human health (El-Kowrany et al, 2015). Domestic activities such as washing clothes and fetching water in infected water expose women and children to infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Biomarkers and Immuno Complements C3 and C4 Levels in Chronic Liver Diseases in Egyptian Patients

Hanan

Amal

et al. 2018

Journal of Environmental Science

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Majority of the population of Egypt has a heavy burden of liver diseases, mostly due to chronic infection with hepatitis C and B viruses (HCV and HBV) and Bilharzias that is considered as important environmental risk factor, which can go unnoticed until decades after infection, when liver damage becomes evident. This study is conducted to aid the Egyptian ministry of health to continue in the program of controlling HCV and Schistosomiasis to avoid patients suffering from failed treatments initiatives as in the past in treatment of schistosomasis by further investigations for diseases and its follow up. The study population included patients attending the Armed Forces Medical research Laboratories and Blood Bank. Individuals under investigation were divided into four groups comprising 30 individuals each. Group (1): included normal healthy individuals, group (2): included patients with chronic HCV, group (3): included patients with chronic HCV and group (4): included patients with Bilharzias (BILZ) infected by Schistosomiasismansoni .All patients (HCV, HBV and BILZ) groups were characterized by increase in all biochemical markers of liver function tests (AST, ALT and GGT) and reduction in albumin level in their sera as compared to the normal control group. The results also illustrated that in HCV and HBVgroups, there were significant reduction in serum levels of complement system C3 and C4, these effects were associated with significant increase in AFP level compared to normal control group. But HCV RNA viral load as measured by quantitative

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Water pollution in the Middle Nile Delta, Egypt: An environmental study

Cited by 62 publications

References 27 publications

Public Health Implication of Drinking Water Sources Contaminated with Giardia and Cryptosporidium in South Ethiopia

Public Health Implication of Drinking Water Sources Contaminated with Giardia and Cryptosporidium in South Ethiopia

Detection rates of waterborne protozoa in water sources from Fayoum Governorate

Role of Biomarkers and Immuno Complements C3 and C4 Levels in Chronic Liver Diseases in Egyptian Patients

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