Water-mass distributions in the western South Atlantic; A section from South Georgia Island (54S) northward across the equator

Abstract

A long CTD/hydrographic section with closely spaced stations was made in February-April 1989 in the western Atlantic Ocean between 0"40'N and South Georgia (545) along a nominal longitude of 25W. Vertical sections of various properties from CTD and discrete water-sample measurements are presented and discussed in terms of the large-scale circulation of the South Atlantic Ocean. One of the most important results is the identification of various deep-reaching fronts in relation to the large-scale circulation and the distribution of mode waters. Five major fronts are clearly defined in the thermal and salinity fields. These are the Polar (49SS), Subantarctic (45S), Subtropical (41-425), Brazil Current (355) Fronts, and an additional front at 20-22s. The first three are associated with strong baroclinic shear. The Brazil Current Front is a boundary between the denser and lighter types of the Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW), and the 20-223 front marks the boundary between the anticyclonic subtropical and cyclonic subequatorial gyres. The latter front coincides with the northern terminus of the high-oxygen tongue of the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) and also with the abrupt shift in density of the high-silica tongue originating in the Upper Circumpolar Water and extending northward. Two pycnostads with temperatures 20-24°C are observed between 10s and 2% with the denser one in the subtropical and the other lighter one in the subequatorial gyre. A weak thermostad centered at 4°C occurs in the AAIW between the Subtropical Front and the Subantarctic Front and shows characteristics similar to the densest variety of the SAMW. Another significant result is a detailed description of the complex structure of the deep and bottom waters. The North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) north of 25s contains two vertical maxima of oxygen (at 2000 m and 3700 m near the equator) separated by intervening low-oxygen water with more influence from the Circumpolar Water. Each maximum is associated with a maximum of salinity and minima of nutrients. The deeper salinity maximum is only weakly defined and is limited to north of 18S, appearing more as vertically uniform salinity. South of 25s the NADW shows only a single maximum of salinity, a single maximum of oxygen, and a single minimum of each nutrient, all lying close together. The salinity maximum south of 25s and the deeper oxygen/salinity maximum north of 11s are derived from the same source waters. The less dense NADW containing the shallower extrema of characteristics turns to the east at lower latitudes and does not reach the region south of 25s. The

Kinematic elements of Antarctic Intermediate Water in the western South Atlantic

“…The multitracer study by Larque´et al (1997) proposes a single cyclonic gyre, whereas an earlier study by Suga et al (1995) suggests a triple cyclonicanticyclonic-cyclonic gyre structure. Nevertheless, these and other studies (Talley, 1996;Tsuchiya et al, 1994) agree in associating the southernmost extend of the tropical gyre with a front observed in the oxygen fields of meridional sections near 25°S.…”

“…South of it, within the subtropical gyre, concentrations above 5.0 ml l\ are found. Most outstanding is a steep rise of the 4.5 ml l\ oxygen isoline near 25°S at 25°W (Tsuchiya et al, 1994) and near 28°S along the Greenwich meridian (Suga and Talley, 1995) (corresponding to their front ''F1''). This front is not associated with a velocity maximum, since it is not reflected in the isopycnal field, but it separates floats of distinctly different kinematic behavior, north and south of the front.…”

Abyssal circulation in the Argentine Basin

“…It is unclear why such a double flow exists, but we speculate that it is likely related to the meandering patterns of the circumpolar fronts which delimit the ACC in this region of the South Atlantic. The influence of the fronts and transport of the ACC is known to extend to bottom depths [Tsuchiya et al, 1994;Sciremammano, 1979]. We therefore conclude that it is a combination of the migratory nature of the ACC reducing the western abyssal boundary flow and the ACC's intense easterly movement constraining the abyssal flow as it crosses north of the Falklands Escarpment, so that it follows a northward to northeastward direction, which instigates the double flow.…”

Agulhas leakage into the Atlantic estimated with subsurface floats and surface drifters

“…AAIW enters the subtropical gyre of the South Atlantic near its southwestern corner in the Brazil-Falklands confluence zone and also along the southern edge of the SAC (McCartney, 1977;Tsuchiya et al, 1994;Boebel et al, 1999a). Some SAC water enters the Benguela Current and some merges with the Agulhas Return Current and continues eastward past Africa.…”