Water-assisted selective hydrodeoxygenation of phenol to benzene over the Ru composite catalyst in the biphasic process

Abstract

Schematic illustration of HDO of phenol to benzene in the biphasic catalytic process.

Chemicals from Lignin: A Review of Catalytic Conversion Involving Hydrogen

“…With Ru serving as the hydrogenating sites, Nb‐based catalysts have shown exceptional activity and selectivity for arene production from lignin and its model compounds and the catalytic sites have been systematically investigated . A porous Ru/Nb 2 O 5 catalyzed the conversion of organosolv lignin into arenes with high selectivity and the Nb 2 O 5 support enables selective activation of the phenolic hydroxy groups, resulting in significant reduction of the disassociation energy for phenolic hydroxy groups .…”

“…These two pathways can occur concurrently at relatively low temperature, whereas a higher temperature favors the DDO route . This is because a relatively low temperature is thermodynamically beneficial for hydrogenation of aromatic ring, causing the loss of the aromaticity . The DDO route is more desirable since the cyclohexene immediate of the HYD pathway easily undergoes deep hydrogenation to cyclohexane, resulting in the loss of inherent aromaticity.…”

“…In this respect, employing surface‐sensitive characterization methods to understand the real surface structure and change during catalytic process becomes the best way. The aforementioned studies also intensified interest in the development and preparation of Ru‐loaded Nb‐based catalysts, and Ru/Nb 2 O 5 ‐SiO 2 and Ru/Nb 2 O 5 ‐C were recently prepared for the hydrodeoxygenation of lignin and lignin model compounds . In addition, the importance of the interfaces between hydrogenating sites and Lewis sites was also proposed and H 2 undergoes heterolytic cleavage to form an active site at the interface sites when water is employed as a cocatalyst, facilitating the direct C−O bond cleavage of phenol …”

Highly selective conversion of phenol to cyclohexanol over Ru/Nb2O5-nC18PA catalysts with increased acidity in a biphasic system under mild conditions

“…For the synthesis of catalysts, refer to our previous preparation methods. 36 Niobium pentoxide was impregnated with a Ru(acac) 3 solution containing a Ru loading of 1 wt%. For example, the mass of Ru(acac) 3 used to impregnate 1 g of niobium pentoxide is 0.0394 g. The impregnated sample was kept at room temperature for 24 h, after which it was rotary evaporated and dried under vacuum at 60 °C for 6 h. Finally, it was calcined in a tube furnace with a heating rate of 2 °C min −1 at 200 °C in an air atmosphere for 2 h, and the RuO x /Nb 2 O 5 catalyst was obtained.…”

Fast Method for Testing the Photocatalytic Performance of Modified Gypsum

“…Photocatalysis is a catalysis process that is used to provide sustainable solutions in several different fields such as biorefinery [1], organocatalysis [2], waste valorization [3], hydrogen evolution [4] and water purification [5].…”