Wastewater Treatment and Water Reuse in Spain. Current Situation and Perspectives

Jódar-Abellán, Antonio; López-Ortiz, María Inmaculada; Melgarejo, Joaquín

doi:10.3390/w11081551

Cited by 69 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Spain was ranked as the country in Europe with the highest rate of wastewater reuse, and, as can be observed in Figure 1, is in the top ten worldwide [46]. The Royal Decree 1620/2007 (RD 1620/2007) establishes the legal regime for the reuse of reclaimed water in Spain, thereby setting up different maximum admissible values for different physico-chemical and microbiological parameters, depending on the final use for the reclaimed water.…”

Section: Legislation and Guidelines Around The Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards the Implementation of Circular Economy in the Wastewater Sector: Challenges and Opportunities

Guerra-Rodríguez

Oulego

Rodríguez

et al. 2020

Water

126

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The advancement of science has facilitated increase in the human lifespan, reflected in economic and population growth, which unfortunately leads to increased exploitation of resources. This situation entails not only depletion of resources, but also increases environmental pollution, mainly due to atmospheric emissions, wastewater effluents, and solid wastes. In this scenario, it is compulsory to adopt a paradigm change, as far as the consumption of resources by the population is concerned, to achieve a circular economy. The recovery and reuse of resources are key points, leading to a decrease in the consumption of raw materials, waste reduction, and improvement of energy efficiency. This is the reason why the concept of the circular economy can be applied in any industrial activity, including the wastewater treatment sector. With this in view, this review manuscript focuses on demonstrating the challenges and opportunities in applying a circular economy in the water sector. For example, reclamation and reuse of wastewater to increase water resources, by paying particular attention to the risks for human health, recovery of nutrients, or highly added-value products (e.g., metals and biomolecules among others), valorisation of sewage sludge, and/or recovery of energy. Being aware of this situation, in the European, Union 18 out of 27 countries are already reusing reclaimed wastewater at some level. Moreover, many wastewater treatment plants have reached energy self-sufficiency, producing up to 150% of their energy requirements. Unfortunately, many of the opportunities presented in this work are far from becoming a reality. Still, the first step is always to become aware of the problem and work on optimizing the solution to make it possible.

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Section: Legislation and Guidelines Around The Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards the Implementation of Circular Economy in the Wastewater Sector: Challenges and Opportunities

Guerra-Rodríguez

Oulego

Rodríguez

et al. 2020

Water

126

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“…Thus, will enhance of food safety as well as poverty reduction in the rural communities [4,5]. Reuse of reclaimed water in irrigation purposes has been modified and become of an international interest [6,7]. Countries such USA have about 7% of reclaimed water is reused.…”

Section: Civil Engineering Department High Institute Formentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Taking all above in mind, the choice of appropriate and cost-effective wastewater treatments is an important issue. And the adoption of suitable irrigation practices should be considered to protect public health from the adverse conditions and destruction of crops, soils and groundwater [7]. In fact, the use of wastewater for irrigation purposes can pose significant risks to farmers and more generally to the public health.…”

Section: Civil Engineering Department High Institute Formentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Reclaimed Water Reuse Standards and Prospects in Irrigation in Egypt

Gabr

2020

Port-Said Engineering Research Journal

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The subjects of wastewater treatment and the reuse of reclaimed water are of excessive significance, especially in the regions where the lack of conventional resources is an essential problem as the situation in Egypt. This paper examines the present status for the reuse of reclaimed water in Egypt and future national water plan for reclaimed water reuse. In addition, to review the reclaimed water reuse standards for indirect irrigation in Egypt, organizations (World Health Organization (WHO) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)) and countries (Spain, Italy and Cyprus) that have been modified reclaimed water reuse standards. In addition, the study proposing standards for reclaimed water reuse in irrigation purposes aimed to maximize environmental outcomes. The proposed standards were in terms of salinity, nutrients, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), pathogens, trace elements, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The proposed turbidity in (NTU) for cooking vegetables up to 10, (TSS) for cooking vegetables ≤10 mg/L and for cooking crops for human consumption ≤35 mg/L. (BOD) concentration for cooking crops for human consumption and for cooking vegetables were ≤35 and ≤15 mg/L respectively. (COD) concentration ≤ 35 mg/L. The proposed standards concentrations for Aluminium (Al), Cobalt (Co), Beryllium (Be), Lithium (Li) and Vanadium (V) that not detected in the Egyptian local Decree 92/2013 were added as 0.5, 0.05, 0.02, 0.5 and 0.05 mg/L respectively. Egyptian local Decree put high levels of Molybdenum (Mb) (0.07 mg/L) and the study proposes a concentration of 0.01 mg/L. Finally, (USEPA) standards for pathogens were proposed in this study. This study is expected to encourage reclaimed water reuse in Egypt in irrigation practices.

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“…In view of the results shown in Table 7, the ozone dose used on Day 1 could be reduced given the lower organic load ( Figure 5) of the waters of that experiment and the high ηO3 value. However, for Days 2, 3 and 4, it would not be appropriate in any case to increase the ozone dose used, since an increase in the dose above 6.4 mg L −1 would make the reuse proposal unfeasible by increasing the costs of ozonation in exchange for increasing the mineralization of practically negligible organic matter [13]. On the other hand, according to Beltran et al [78], an excess of oxidant could lead to the generation of hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2 • ) of lower oxidative capacity when the excess ozone reacts with the hydroxyl radicals produced.…”

Section: Kinetic Analysis Of the Ozonation Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, in Spain, one of the countries in Europe with the highest water consumption per capita (800.9 m 3 inhabitant −1 ) and with an agricultural consumption of 25.47 × 10 9 m 3 year −1 (68.19% of total use) is the first European country with reuse capacity and one of the few that has its own legislation that regulates it through Royal Decree 1620/2007 [13]. In addition, the European Union, aware of a regulatory gap, has released a new regulation on the minimum requirements that reused water must meet (EU 2020/741) [14], with mandatory compliance within a period of 3 years, from 26 June 2023, for all countries of the European Union that will use this unconventional water source.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Reuse Study from Urban WWTPs via c-Ultrafiltration and Ozonation Technologies: Basis for Resilient Cities and Agriculture

et al. 2021

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The water–development nexus is essential for the advancement and progress of cities in the face of problems such as climate change, water security and increasing environmental stress in the agricultural sector. Aiming for a circular economy and, at the same time, improving the resilience of water supply alternatives and achieving a goal of zero waste, this work presents a technical–economic study of a novel continuous ultrafiltration (c-UF) system with self-cleaning capacity coupled to an ozonation process, for the treatment of urban WWTP effluent. The removal efficiencies achieved were analysed both through macroscopic parameters (suspended solids, turbidity) and for the most frequently occurring contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Consequently, an effluent suitable for irrigation was obtained, with a total recovery factor of 97.92%, a concentration of suspended solids (SS) below 1 mg L−1, 0.06 NTU turbidity and toxicity free, complying with the new European Regulation on Water Reuse (EU 2020/741). A comparative analysis of the proposed process with regard to conventional tertiary treatment revealed that the proposed process was 39.1% more economic, with a cost of 0.0325 € m−3. This alternative treatment will be of great interest because of its favourable technical–economic characteristics, being postulated as a basic process for implementation in modern water reuse plants.

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Wastewater Treatment and Water Reuse in Spain. Current Situation and Perspectives

Cited by 69 publications

References 40 publications

Towards the Implementation of Circular Economy in the Wastewater Sector: Challenges and Opportunities

Towards the Implementation of Circular Economy in the Wastewater Sector: Challenges and Opportunities

Study of Reclaimed Water Reuse Standards and Prospects in Irrigation in Egypt

Water Reuse Study from Urban WWTPs via c-Ultrafiltration and Ozonation Technologies: Basis for Resilient Cities and Agriculture

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