Waste to Wealth of Apple Pomace Valorization by Past and Current Extraction Processes: A Review

Abstract

Every year, more than 50 million metric tons of apples are produced, and apple pomace is frequently discarded as waste in the food industry. Apple pomace, a byproduct of apple juice and cider production, is used as a sustainable raw material to make valuable products such as nutraceuticals and pectin. Apple pomace contains a substantial amount of antioxidant compounds, which have been related to several health advantages. Therefore, valuable components extracted from this byproduct may be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The common and new technologies to obtain valuable products from apple pomace which has come from production of apple juice or cider. Especially, emphasis of new and green technique is very important and will contribute the literature. Therefore, this review discussed apple processing, pectin as a bioactive compound, the extraction methods, current applications of apple pomace byproducts, and future studies on its potential uses in food.

Valorization of Peanut Skin as Agricultural Waste Using Various Extraction Methods: A Review

“…This new heating method might greatly shorten extraction time [98]. Microwave heating is dependent on polar solvent contact, which is determined by ionic conduction and dipole rotation [92,97,99]. Ionic conduction refers to the electrophoretic transport of ions in a variable electromagnetic current.…”

“…Attention has switched from emission reduction to a more pragmatic approach in waste management [92,99]. Waste products are still viable commodities, which are essential for sustainable growth.…”

Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Bioactive Components from Apple Peels and Their Modulation of Complex I Activity in Isolated Mitochondria

“…Bioactive compounds are present in small amounts in foods and other natural matrices [ 1 ] and provide an extra-nutritional contribution to diet due to their beneficial effects on health. Scientific research has recently been focused on the development of new and more advantageous methods for their extraction from food waste [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ], a potential source of useful molecules, in the attempt to provide the food industry with an efficient, cheap, and environmentally friendly solution for waste disposal.…”

“…Traditionally, extractions on apple peel were based on conventional techniques, which were neither applicable to large-scale samples nor environmentally friendly, as they used large amounts of organic solvents on fresh or dried peels [ 20 ], and nowadays green extraction technologies are preferred to process apple peel into products of added value [ 2 , 3 , 14 ]. Among them, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) constitutes a simple, cost-effective, eco-friendly approach, which can even be applied to systems on different scales.…”

Apple Pomace as an Alternative Substrate for Butanol Production

“…Apple pomace (AP), as animal feed, has low nutritional value due to low protein content, so a signi cant amount of pomace ends up in land lls (Fidriyanto et al, 2023). There is a technology (Putra et al, 2023) for processing pomace to obtain pectin, polyphenols, enzymes, aromatic compounds, antioxidants, organic acids, biopolymers, and biofuel. Among the above-mentioned products, butanol, as one of the types of biofuel, is particularly promising.…”