Washboards in unpaved highways as a complex dynamic system

UAS Identify and Monitor Unusual Small-Scale Rhythmic Features in the Bay of Cádiz (Spain)

“…In these conditions, the rolling wheels may cause the development of transverse ripples, similar in shape as the rhythmic features shown here. [32] found out that the essential component of the dynamics, which gives rise to pattern emergence, pattern migration, pattern growth, and stability in unpaved roads, is the effect of iteration over time. However, it is important to note that driving on beaches in Spain is strictly prohibited, and the only vehicles that access this beach are cleaning tractors during the summer months.…”

UAS Identify and Monitor Unusual Small-Scale Rhythmic Features in the Bay of Cádiz (Spain)

“…In these conditions, the rolling wheels may cause the development of transverse ripples, similar in shape as the rhythmic features shown here. [32] found out that the essential component of the dynamics, which gives rise to pattern emergence, pattern migration, pattern growth, and stability in unpaved roads, is the effect of iteration over time. However, it is important to note that driving on beaches in Spain is strictly prohibited, and the only vehicles that access this beach are cleaning tractors during the summer months.…”

Lift and drag forces on an inclined plow moving over a granular surface

“…In this paper we consider the forces on the simplest possible plow, a flat blade inclined in the direction of motion, interacting with the simplest possible soil, a non-cohesive granular material. Remarkably, this ancient problem has recently received significant attention [2,3] because of renewed interest in the complex and poorly understood rheology of dry granular materials [4].A simple inclined blade has also been studied as a surrogate for the more complicated situation of a rolling wheel moving over a granular roadbed [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Both plows and rolling wheels exhibit an oscillatory instability which produces a spontaneous rippling of the roadbed, leading to a condition known as washboard or corrugated road.…”

Corrugation of an unpaved road surface under vehicle weight

“…Experimental 1,11,16,17 and numerical studies [17][18][19][20][21][22] have suggested that neither the shape and size of soil particles nor the underlying soil thickness significantly contribute to the development of road corrugation. The cohesive force between soil particles 1 and the clay-sand ratio in soil 16 have been suggested to be potential determinants of spontaneous surface corrugation.…”

“…In the actual computation, the time evolution of Eqs. (18)(19)(20) was realised using Heun's method (also called modified Euler's method) to ensure stability. When the differential equation to be solved is given by…”

UAS Identify and Monitor Unusual Small-Scale Rhythmic Features in the Bay of Cádiz (Spain)

“…In these conditions, the rolling wheels may cause the development of transverse ripples, similar in shape as the rhythmic features shown here. [32] found out that the essential component of the dynamics, which gives rise to pattern emergence, pattern migration, pattern growth, and stability in unpaved roads, is the effect of iteration over time. However, it is important to note that driving on beaches in Spain is strictly prohibited, and the only vehicles that access this beach are cleaning tractors during the summer months.…”

Lift and drag forces on an inclined plow moving over a granular surface

“…In this paper we consider the forces on the simplest possible plow, a flat blade inclined in the direction of motion, interacting with the simplest possible soil, a non-cohesive granular material. Remarkably, this ancient problem has recently received significant attention [2,3] because of renewed interest in the complex and poorly understood rheology of dry granular materials [4].A simple inclined blade has also been studied as a surrogate for the more complicated situation of a rolling wheel moving over a granular roadbed [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Both plows and rolling wheels exhibit an oscillatory instability which produces a spontaneous rippling of the roadbed, leading to a condition known as washboard or corrugated road.…”

Corrugation of an unpaved road surface under vehicle weight

“…Experimental 1,11,16,17 and numerical studies [17][18][19][20][21][22] have suggested that neither the shape and size of soil particles nor the underlying soil thickness significantly contribute to the development of road corrugation. The cohesive force between soil particles 1 and the clay-sand ratio in soil 16 have been suggested to be potential determinants of spontaneous surface corrugation.…”

“…In the actual computation, the time evolution of Eqs. (18)(19)(20) was realised using Heun's method (also called modified Euler's method) to ensure stability. When the differential equation to be solved is given by…”

UAS Identify and Monitor Unusual Small-Scale Rhythmic Features in the Bay of Cádiz (Spain)

“…In these conditions, the rolling wheels may cause the development of transverse ripples, similar in shape as the rhythmic features shown here. [32] found out that the essential component of the dynamics, which gives rise to pattern emergence, pattern migration, pattern growth, and stability in unpaved roads, is the effect of iteration over time. However, it is important to note that driving on beaches in Spain is strictly prohibited, and the only vehicles that access this beach are cleaning tractors during the summer months.…”

Lift and drag forces on an inclined plow moving over a granular surface

“…In this paper we consider the forces on the simplest possible plow, a flat blade inclined in the direction of motion, interacting with the simplest possible soil, a non-cohesive granular material. Remarkably, this ancient problem has recently received significant attention [2,3] because of renewed interest in the complex and poorly understood rheology of dry granular materials [4].A simple inclined blade has also been studied as a surrogate for the more complicated situation of a rolling wheel moving over a granular roadbed [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Both plows and rolling wheels exhibit an oscillatory instability which produces a spontaneous rippling of the roadbed, leading to a condition known as washboard or corrugated road.…”

Corrugation of an unpaved road surface under vehicle weight

“…Experimental 1,11,16,17 and numerical studies [17][18][19][20][21][22] have suggested that neither the shape and size of soil particles nor the underlying soil thickness significantly contribute to the development of road corrugation. The cohesive force between soil particles 1 and the clay-sand ratio in soil 16 have been suggested to be potential determinants of spontaneous surface corrugation.…”

“…In the actual computation, the time evolution of Eqs. (18)(19)(20) was realised using Heun's method (also called modified Euler's method) to ensure stability. When the differential equation to be solved is given by…”