Waiting at the tap: changes in urban water use in East Africa over three decades

Thompson, John; Porras, Ina; Wood, E. F.; Tumwine, James; Mujwahuzi, Mark R.; Katui-Katua, Munguti; Johnstone, Nick

doi:10.1177/095624780001200204

Cited by 66 publications

(37 citation statements)

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“…Recurrent water shortages lead to an increase in water storage practices [56], elevating the potential for post source contamination to occur, an increasing concern in Africa and elsewhere [57]. Water is also stored in containers in order to increase water access where water is not piped into the home (Figure 3A).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overcoming barriers in evaluating outbreaks of diarrheal disease in resource poor settings: assessment of recurrent outbreaks in Chobe District, Botswana

Alexander

Blackburn

2013

BMC Public Health

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BackgroundDiarrheal illness remains a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, with the majority of deaths occurring in children <5 years of age. Lack of resources often prohibits the evaluation of outbreak characteristics and limits progress in managing this important disease syndrome, particularly in Africa. Relying only on existing medical staff and hospital resources, we assess the use of a questionnaire survey tool to identify baseline outbreak characteristics during recurrent diarrheal outbreaks in Chobe, Botswana.MethodsUsing historical surveillance data (2006–2009), the temporal pattern of recurrent diarrheal outbreaks was evaluated among patients <5 years of age presenting to health facilities in Chobe District. Using a questionnaire survey tool, medical staff from selected health facilities assessed patients (all ages) presenting with diarrheal disease during two diarrheal outbreaks (2011–2012). Cluster analysis and classification and regression trees (CART) were used to evaluate patient attributes by outbreak.ResultsWe identified a bimodal, annual pattern of acute diarrhea in children <5 years of age across years (Wilcox test, W = 456.5, p = 0.052). Historical outbreak periods appeared to coincide with major hydrological phenomena (rainfall/flood recession). Across health facilities, a significant percent of patients in the prospective study were in the ≥5 age class (44%, n = 515 and 35%, n = 333 in the dry and wet season outbreaks, respectively). Cluster analysis of questionnaire data identified two main branches associated with patient age (<5 and ≥5 years of age). Patients did not cluster by outbreak or village. CART examination identified sex and hospitalization as being most predictive of patients <5 years and household diarrhea in patients ≥5 years. Water shortages and water quality deficiencies were identified in both outbreaks.ConclusionsDiarrhea is a persistent, seasonally occurring disease in Chobe District, Botswana. Lack of variation in outbreak variables suggests the possibility of environmental drivers influencing outbreak dynamics and the potential importance of human-environmental linkages in this region. Public health strategy should be directed at securing improved water service and correcting water quality deficiencies. Public health education should include increased emphasis on sanitation practices when providing care to household members with diarrhea. While global diarrheal disease surveillance is directed at the under-5 age group, this may not be appropriate in areas of high HIV prevalence such as that found in our study area where a large immune-compromised population may warrant increased surveillance across age groups. The approach used in this study provided the first detailed characterization of diarrheal disease outbreaks in the area, an important starting point for immediate intervention and development of working hypotheses for future disease investigations. While data derived from this approach are necessarily limited, they identify critical information on outbr...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overcoming barriers in evaluating outbreaks of diarrheal disease in resource poor settings: assessment of recurrent outbreaks in Chobe District, Botswana

Alexander

Blackburn

2013

BMC Public Health

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“…drilling, pump installation, tanks and taps". Thompson et al (2000) wrote: "The benefits and costs of providing a safe, convenient and reliable water supply to people in the developing world has been the subject of a vast and wide-ranging research effort over the last four decades. Research has focused on various aspects: the relationship between water and disease; the efficacy of water supply projects in improving health; the causes and consequences of differential access to, and control of, water resources (particularly with regard to gender and wealth); and the financing of water supply infrastructures.…”

Section: Concept and Scope Of The Methodological Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated approach to choosing suitable areas for the realization of productive wells in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa

Ghiglieri

Carletti

2010

Hydrological Sciences Journal

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Comprehensive geological, hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical investigations were carried out in the south of Hodh El Chargui (southeast Mauritania). Obtaining a hydrogeological conceptual model is crucial for groundwater resources development and management. This is especially true in developing countries and in the rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa. The chosen areas are represented by lithologies referring to a long geological time frame, dating from the Upper Neoproterozoic to the Quaternary age. We developed a methodology in order to identify sites that were suitable for the realization of productive, protected and correct wells to supply safe water to the rural community. A multicriteria approach to studying hydrogeology was used in the project area. In order to identify some main areas in which to carry out pilot interventions, criteria relating to water accessibility and availability, and to hydrogeological and water quality, were considered. Moreover, during the project, it was possible to transfer know-how and hand over responsibilities to the local population and bodies.Key words groundwater; access to water; developing countries; Mauritania Approche intégrée pour le choix de zones pertinentes pour la réalisation de puits de production dans les régions rurales de l'Afrique sub-Saharienne Résumé Des études géologiques, hydrogéologiques et hydrogéochimiques complètes ont été menées dans le sud du Hodh El Chargui (sud-est de la Mauritanie). L'obtention d'un modèle hydrogéologique conceptuel est cruciale pour le développement et la gestion des ressources en eaux souterraines. Cela est particulièrement vrai dans les pays en développement et dans les régions rurales de l'Afrique sub-Saharienne. Les régions choisies sont caractérisées par des lithologies qui renvoient à une longue période géologique, du Néoprotérozoïque Supérieur au Quaternaire. Nous avons développé une méthodologie afin d'identifier des sites pertinents pour la réalisation de puits productifs, protégés et corrects qui permettraient d'alimenter les communautés rurales en eau de qualité. Une approche multicritères a été utilisée dans la région d'étude pour étudier l'hydrogéologie. Afin d'identifier quelques zones prioritaires au sein desquelles conduire des interventions pilotes, des critères liés à l'accessibilité et à la disponibilité de l'eau, ainsi qu'aux qualités hydrogéologiques et de l'eau, ont été considérés. En outre, durant le projet, il a été possible de transférer le savoir-faire et les responsabilités aux populations et institutions locales.

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“…Nearly all of these articles concern Sub‐Saharan Africa. Despite the paucity of published studies and their relatively narrow geographic focus, there is growing recognition of the importance of multiple household water sources and a growing body of literature acknowledges the practice around the world and/or calls for further research (Ahmed & Hossain, ; Brown et al, ; Dos Santos et al, ; Evans et al, ; Foster & Hope, ; Henry, ; Jeuland et al, ; MacDonald et al, ; Overbo et al, ; Shaheed et al, ; Thompson et al, ; Wang et al, ). This dispersed literature lacks consistent vocabulary and methodologies; published studies can be difficult to find; and most articles cite few or no prior studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Household Water Sources and Their Use in Remote Communities With Evidence From Pacific Island Countries

Elliott

MacDonald

Chan

et al. 2017

Water Resources Research

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Global water research and monitoring typically focus on the household's “main source of drinking‐water.” Use of multiple water sources to meet daily household needs has been noted in many developing countries but rarely quantified or reported in detail. We gathered self‐reported data using a cross‐sectional survey of 405 households in eight communities of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) and five Solomon Islands (SI) communities. Over 90% of households used multiple sources, with differences in sources and uses between wet and dry seasons. Most RMI households had large rainwater tanks and rationed stored rainwater for drinking throughout the dry season, whereas most SI households collected rainwater in small pots, precluding storage across seasons. Use of a source for cooking was strongly positively correlated with use for drinking, whereas use for cooking was negatively correlated or uncorrelated with nonconsumptive uses (e.g., bathing). Dry season water uses implied greater risk of water‐borne disease, with fewer (frequently zero) handwashing sources reported and more unimproved sources consumed. Use of multiple sources is fundamental to household water management and feasible to monitor using electronic survey tools. We contend that recognizing multiple water sources can greatly improve understanding of household‐level and community‐level climate change resilience, that use of multiple sources confounds health impact studies of water interventions, and that incorporating multiple sources into water supply interventions can yield heretofore‐unrealized benefits. We propose that failure to consider multiple sources undermines the design and effectiveness of global water monitoring, data interpretation, implementation, policy, and research.

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Waiting at the tap: changes in urban water use in East Africa over three decades

Cited by 66 publications

References 0 publications

Overcoming barriers in evaluating outbreaks of diarrheal disease in resource poor settings: assessment of recurrent outbreaks in Chobe District, Botswana

Overcoming barriers in evaluating outbreaks of diarrheal disease in resource poor settings: assessment of recurrent outbreaks in Chobe District, Botswana

Integrated approach to choosing suitable areas for the realization of productive wells in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa

Multiple Household Water Sources and Their Use in Remote Communities With Evidence From Pacific Island Countries

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