WAIS-IV Reliable Digit Span is no More Accurate Than Age Corrected Scaled Score as an Indicator of Invalid Performance in a Veteran Sample Undergoing Evaluation for mTBI

Spencer, Robert J.; Axelrod, Bradley N.; Drag, Lauren L.; Waldron-Perrine, Brigid; Pangilinan, Percival H.; Bieliauskas, Linas A.

doi:10.1080/13854046.2013.845248

Cited by 79 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The digit span test [25] has two components: forward and backward. In the digit span forward test, the examiner reads out a list of digits at the rate of 1 digit/s and the subject is required to repeat the sequence in the same order.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Profiles in Patients with Multi-Infarct Dementia: An Omani Study

Al-Adawi¹,

Braidy

Essa

et al. 2014

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord Extra

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Background: Studies on neurocognitive impairment among patients presenting with multi-infarct dementia (MID) have received little attention from non-Western societies, and the Arab world is no exception. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize neurocognitive, affective and vegetative functioning in patients with MID in Oman. Methods: In this study, we recruited 20 Omani patients presenting with MID and age- and gender-matched controls at the outpatient clinic of the Department of Behavioral Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. In addition to the collection of clinical and demographic information, various cognitive batteries were administered to the consenting participants, including those indexing nonverbal reasoning abilities, working memory (attention, concentration and recall) and executive functioning. Questionnaires that elicit the affective range and the quality of sleep were also administered. Results: Compared with the matched healthy subjects, the patients diagnosed with MID significantly differed in the presently operationalized indices of visuospatial function, semantic memory and affective and vegetative functioning. In contrast, episodic memory and some attentional capacities were not significantly different compared with the control subjects. Conclusions: The present study was explorative and clinically designed to describe neurocognitive functioning in patients with MID seeking consultation at a tertiary care center in Oman. Our data are necessary for planning and setting up community services and health care programs for demented patients in a society where dementia is a growing silent epidemic. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Profiles in Patients with Multi-Infarct Dementia: An Omani Study

Al-Adawi¹,

Braidy

Essa

et al. 2014

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord Extra

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“…Above this, all EI-5 scores were considered a Fail, with each additional value providing incremental evidence for the accuracy of the classification. To maximize the purity of the reference groups used to calibrate the target PVT, Borderline cases were excluded from (Heinly et al, 2005;Spencer et al, 2013); LM Logical Memory (Bortnik et al, 2010;Pearson, 2009), CVLT-II recognition hits (RH CVLT-II ; Wolfe et al, 2010), and Forced Choice Recognition (FCR CVLT-II ; Moore & Donders, 2004;Bauer et al, 2005) cross-validation analyses, following recommendations by Greve and Bianchini (2004). Finally, the logistical regression equations developed by Suhr and Boyer (1999) and King et al (2002) were used as alternative reference PVTs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The BDAE Complex Ideational Material—a Measure of Receptive Language or Performance Validity?

Erdődi

Tyson

Abeare

et al. 2016

Psychol. Inj. and Law

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Scores on the Complex Ideational Material (CIM) were examined in reference to various performance validity tests (PVTs) in 106 adults clinically referred for neuropsychological assessment. The main diagnostic categories, reflecting a continuum between neurological and psychiatric disorders, were epilepsy, psychiatric disorders, postconcussive disorder, and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Cross-validation analyses suggest that in the absence of bona fide aphasia, a raw score ≤9 or T score ≤29 on the CIM is more likely to reflect non-credible presentation than impaired receptive language skills. However, these cutoffs may be associated with unacceptably high false positive rates in patients with longstanding, documented neurological deficits. Therefore, more conservative cutoffs (≤8/23) are recommended in such populations. Contrary to the widely accepted assumption that psychiatric disorders are unrelated to performance validity, results were consistent with the psychogenic interference hypothesis, suggesting that emotional distress increases the likelihood of PVT failures even in the absence of apparent external incentives to underperform on cognitive testing.

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“…DS ACSS has also been applied as a PVT, with scaled scores ≤5 suggesting invalid performance (Webber & Soble, 2018). Evidence suggests that DS ACSS may be as effective as RDS and potentially superior among older (e.g., 39-69) clinical groups and those at higher risk of neurocognitive impairment (Jasinski et al, 2011;Reese, Suhr, & Riddle, 2012;Spencer et al, 2013Spencer et al, , 2017Webber & Soble, 2018). In a sample of veterans referred to a neuropsychological clinic, DS ACSS significantly predicted group membership (e.g., valid vs. invalid performance) with an AUC of .85 (Webber & Soble, 2018).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Validity Testing in Justice-Involved Adults with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Mullally

McLachlan

MacKillop

et al. 2020

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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Objectives: A number of commonly used performance validity tests (PVTs) may be prone to high failure rates when used for individuals with severe neurocognitive deficits. This study investigated the validity of 10 PVT scores in justice-involved adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), a neurodevelopmental disability stemming from prenatal alcohol exposure and linked with severe neurocognitive deficits. Method: The sample comprised 80 justice-involved adults (ages 19–40) including 25 with confirmed or possible FASD and 55 where FASD was ruled out. Ten PVT scores were calculated, derived from Word Memory Test, Genuine Memory Impairment Profile, Advanced Clinical Solutions (Word Choice), the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Fourth Edition (Reliable Digit Span and age-corrected scaled scores (ACSS) from Digit Span, Coding, Symbol Search, Coding – Symbol Search, Vocabulary – Digit Span), and the Wechsler Memory Scale – Fourth Edition (Logical Memory II Recognition). Results: Participants with diagnosed/possible FASD were more likely to fail any single PVT, and failed a greater number of PVTs overall, compared to those without FASD. They were also more likely to fail based on Word Memory Test, Digit Span ACSS, Coding ACSS, Symbol Search ACSS, and Logical Memory II Recognition, compared to controls (35–76%). Across both groups, substantially more participants with IQ <70 failed two or more PVTs (90%), compared to those with an IQ ≥70 (44%). Conclusions: Results highlight the need for additional research examining the use of PVTs in justice-involved populations with FASD.

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WAIS-IV Reliable Digit Span is no More Accurate Than Age Corrected Scaled Score as an Indicator of Invalid Performance in a Veteran Sample Undergoing Evaluation for mTBI

Cited by 79 publications

References 18 publications

Cognitive Profiles in Patients with Multi-Infarct Dementia: An Omani Study

Cognitive Profiles in Patients with Multi-Infarct Dementia: An Omani Study

The BDAE Complex Ideational Material—a Measure of Receptive Language or Performance Validity?

Performance Validity Testing in Justice-Involved Adults with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

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