Vortex-Assisted Ionic Liquid Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Triazole Fungicides in Fruit Juices

Abstract

A rapid, efficient, and environmentally friendly method using vortex-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquidliquid microextraction (VA-IL-DLLME) prior to highperformance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) has been developed for the determination of six triazole fungicides (triazolone, triadimenol, epoxiconazole, flusilazole, tebuconazole, and diniconazole) in various fruit juices. 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C 6 MIM][PF 6 ]) and acetonitrile were used as extraction and dispersive solvents, respectively. A single factor experiment was selected to obtain the significant variables from the several related parameters that could affect the extraction efficiencies, such as the volume of IL and acetonitrile, extraction time, centrifugation time, and salt addition. Under the optimum conditions, an excellent linearity with correlation coefficients higher than 0.997 was obtained. Enrichment factors and average recoveries in three concentration levels ranged from 51 to 72, and 71.0 to 104.5 %, respectively, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) from 1.4 to 11.8 %. The limits of detection (LODs) (S/N=3) for the six triazole fungicides were between 0.4 and 6.7 μg L −1 . The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of trace amounts of triazole fungicides in various fruit juices including peach, apple, and orange juices.

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet for the determination of triazine and triazoles in mineral water samples

“…It can be seen from the comparison that the method developed presented LOD in the same range for the studies with LC–MS/MS detection but better LODs when using determinations by HPLC–UV, HPLC–DAD, or GC–MS . Extraction efficiencies and RSDs were in the same range of current published techniques .…”

“…Other techniques that have been recently developed for the extraction of pesticides from liquid samples were compared in terms of LOD, recovery, RSD, salt addition, extraction time, and extraction solvent volume (Table 3). It can be seen from the comparison that the method developed presented LOD in the same range for the studies with LC-MS/MS detection but better LODs when using determinations by HPLC-UV, HPLC-DAD, or GC-MS [34][35][36]. Extraction efficiencies and RSDs were in the same range of current published techniques [37,38].…”

Facile synthesis of magnetic zinc metal‐organic framework for extraction of nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic fungicides from lettuce vegetable samples

“…Recently, several analytical methods have emerged as the promising techniques to detect nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic fungicides, including HPLC , LC–MS/MS , GC , and GC–MS . However, these detection methods suffer greatly from matrix interferences within the complex sample matrix, often resulting in false positives .…”

Vortex‐assisted Emulsification Microextraction for the Determination of Pyrethroids in Mushroom

“…Additionally, the use of acetone and methanol as dispersion solvents increases the burden on the environment. To avoid the use of dispersion solvents, assisted‐dispersion methods were proposed, e.g ., vortex‐assisted liquid–liquid microextraction (VA‐LLME), a milder emulsification procedure in which the fine droplets of extraction solvent are formed by vortex agitation, therefore, a cloudy state is formed in the absence of a disperser solvent. The vortex‐assisted method increased the contact areas between extraction solvent and sample, avoiding the use of dispersion solvents and reducing the impact on the environment …”