Volume, water content, epidermal cell area, and XTH5 expression in growing grains of wheat across ploidy levels

Muñoz, Manuel; Calderini, Daniel F.

doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2014.12.010

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Overall, our results suggest that the gene underlying this locus regulates, either directly or indirectly, cell expansion in the pericarp (seed coat), a mechanism that is known to be a key determinant of grain/seed size in several species. Some genes, such as expansins and XTH (xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases), affect cell expansion directly by physically modifying or ‘loosening’ the cell wall (reviewed by Cosgrove, ), and the expression of these enzymes has been associated with pericarp cell expansion in wheat and barley (Lizana et al ., ; Radchuk et al ., ; Munoz & Calderini, ). Other genes regulate pericarp/seed coat cell size indirectly, for example through the regulation of sugar metabolism and subsequent accumulation in the vacuole (Ohto et al ., ) and endoreduplication (Chevalier et al ., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Increased pericarp cell length underlies a major quantitative trait locus for grain weight in hexaploid wheat

et al. 2017

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Crop yields must increase to address food insecurity. Grain weight, determined by grain length and width, is an important yield component, but our understanding of the underlying genes and mechanisms is limited. We used genetic mapping and near isogenic lines (NILs) to identify, validate and fine-map a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) on wheat chromosome 5A associated with grain weight. Detailed phenotypic characterisation of developing and mature grains from the NILs was performed. We identified a stable and robust QTL associated with a 6.9% increase in grain weight. The positive interval leads to 4.0% longer grains, with differences first visible 12 d after fertilization. This grain length effect was fine-mapped to a 4.3 cM interval. The locus also has a pleiotropic effect on grain width (1.5%) during late grain development that determines the relative magnitude of the grain weight increase. Positive NILs have increased maternal pericarp cell length, an effect which is independent of absolute grain length. These results provide direct genetic evidence that pericarp cell length affects final grain size and weight in polyploid wheat. We propose that combining genes that control distinct biological mechanisms, such as cell expansion and proliferation, will enhance crop yields.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Increased pericarp cell length underlies a major quantitative trait locus for grain weight in hexaploid wheat

et al. 2017

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“…Some genes act to physically modify the cell wall and alter its properties (reviewed in Cosgrove ). Expansins and XTH genes disrupt cross links in the cell wall, allowing for increased turgor driven cell expansion, and the expression of these genes has been associated with cell and grain length in wheat and barley (Lizana et al ; Radchuk et al ; Munoz and Calderini ). In Arabidopsis , the WRKY TF TTG2 regulates some steps of the tannin biosynthesis pathway.…”

Section: Cell Size Vs Cell Numbermentioning

confidence: 99%

A reductionist approach to dissecting grain weight and yield in wheat

Brinton

Uauy

2019

JIPB

132

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Grain yield is a highly polygenic trait that is influenced by the environment and integrates events throughout the life cycle of a plant. In wheat, the major grain yield components often present compensatory effects among them, which alongside the polyploid nature of wheat, makes their genetic and physiological study challenging. We propose a reductionist and systematic approach as an initial step to understand the gene networks regulating each individual yield component. Here, we focus on grain weight and discuss the importance of examining individual sub‐components, not only to help in their genetic dissection, but also to inform our mechanistic understanding of how they interrelate. This knowledge should allow the development of novel combinations, across homoeologs and between complementary modes of action, thereby advancing towards a more integrated strategy for yield improvement. We argue that this will break barriers in terms of phenotypic variation, enhance our understanding of the physiology of yield, and potentially deliver improved on‐farm yield.

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“…High temperature was observed to induce a reduction in size of the carpels with a correlation between carpel size pre-anthesis and final grain weight having also being reported [18]. A number of cell wall modifying proteins have been identified in cereal grains as putatively facilitating the expansion of the different tissues of the grain during early grain development, including expansins (EXPs) [10] and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) [19]. However, the expression patterns of these proteins within the different wheat grain layers under high p.a.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High post-anthesis temperature effects on bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain transcriptome during early grain-filling

et al. 2020

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Background: High post-anthesis (p.a) temperatures reduce mature grain weights in wheat and other cereals. However, the causes of this reduction are not entirely known. Control of grain expansion by the maternally derived pericarp of the grain has previously been suggested, although this interaction has not been investigated under high p.a. temperatures. Down-regulation of pericarp localised genes that regulate cell wall expansion under high p.a. temperatures may limit expansion of the encapsulated endosperm due to a loss of plasticity in the pericarp, reducing mature grain weight. Here the effect of high p.a. temperatures on the transcriptome of the pericarp and endosperm of the wheat grain during early grain-filling was investigated via RNA-Seq and is discussed alongside grain moisture dynamics during early grain development and mature grain weight. Results: High p.a. temperatures applied from 6-days after anthesis (daa) and until 18daa reduced the grain's ability to accumulate water, with total grain moisture and percentage grain moisture content being significantly reduced from 14daa onwards. Mature grain weight was also significantly reduced by the same high p.a. temperatures applied from 6daa for 4-days or more, in a separate experiment. Comparison of our RNA-Seq data from whole grains, with existing data sets from isolated pericarp and endosperm tissues enabled the identification of subsets of genes whose expression was significantly affected by high p.a. temperature and predominantly expressed in either tissue. Hierarchical clustering and gene ontology analysis resulted in the identification of a number of genes implicated in the regulation of cell wall expansion, predominantly expressed in the pericarp and significantly downregulated under high p.a. temperatures, including endoglucanase, xyloglucan endotransglycosylases and a βexpansin. An over-representation of genes involved in the 'cuticle development' functional pathway that were expressed in the pericarp and affected by high p.a. temperatures was also observed. Conclusions: High p.a. temperature induced down-regulation of genes involved in regulating pericarp cell wall expansion. This concomitant down-regulation with a reduction in total grain moisture content and grain weight following the same treatment period, adds support to the theory that high p.a. temperatures may cause a reduction in mature grain weight as result of decreased pericarp cell wall expansion.

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Volume, water content, epidermal cell area, and XTH5 expression in growing grains of wheat across ploidy levels

Cited by 25 publications

References 48 publications

Increased pericarp cell length underlies a major quantitative trait locus for grain weight in hexaploid wheat

Increased pericarp cell length underlies a major quantitative trait locus for grain weight in hexaploid wheat

A reductionist approach to dissecting grain weight and yield in wheat

High post-anthesis temperature effects on bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain transcriptome during early grain-filling

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